Obesity, Quality of Sleep and Anxiety in Saudi Arabia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v7i4.1039Keywords:
Obesity, overweight, quality of sleep, anxiety, Saudi populationAbstract
Objectives: The aim is to determine an association between obesity levels, quality of sleep, and anxiety among the Saudi population.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was used by distributing an online questionnaire via social media channels to the Saudi population. We used the body mass index (BMI) to assess body fat, the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 7 (GAD-7). Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to test associations with a p-value of less than 0.05.
Results: We received a total of 1123 respondents and the majority (61%) were obese and overweight. According to the GAD-7 score, 17% had severe anxiety; the PSQI score was 8.42 +3.45, indicating overall poor sleep quality. Underweight respondents had higher moderate (25%) and severe (26%) anxiety as compared to those with normal or higher BMI (14%-18%) (p=0.002). PSQI scores were higher for obese (8.9+3.6) and overweight (8.6+3.4) respondents as compared to underweight (7.5+3.0) (p=0.001). Persons with severe (10.4+3.6) or moderate (9.7+3.7) anxiety had higher PSQI scores as compared to those with minimal anxiety (6.8+2.7) (p<0.001).
Conclusion: There is a relationship between obesity, sleep, and anxiety. Overweight and obesity were significantly associated with anxiety and poor sleep quality in Saudi Arabia.
References
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40. Koinis-Mitchell D, Rosario-Matos N, RamÃrez RR, GarcÃa P, Canino GJ, Ortega AN. Sleep, depressive/anxiety disorders, and obesity in Puerto Rican youth. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings. 2017;24(1):59-73.
2. Djalalinia S, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kelishadi R. Health impacts of obesity. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2015;31(1):239.
3. Casadei K, Kiel J. Anthropometric Measurement. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
4. Arroyo-Johnson C, Mincey KD. Obesity epidemiology worldwide. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2016;45(4):571-9.
5. Al-Hussaini A, Bashir MS, Khormi M, AlTuraiki M, Alkhamis W, Alrajhi M, et al. Overweight and obesity among Saudi children and adolescents: Where do we stand today? Saudi journal of gastroenterology: official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association. 2019;25(4):229.
6. Al-Ghamdi S, Shubair MM, Aldiab A, Al-Zahrani JM, Aldossari KK, Househ M, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity based on the body mass index; a cross-sectional study in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. Lipids in health and disease. 2018;17(1):134.
7. Al-Hazzaa HM. Physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia revisited: A systematic review of inactivity prevalence and perceived barriers to active living. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2018;12(6):50-64.
8. Ahmed AE, Al-Jahdali F, AlAlwan A, Abuabat F, Bin Salih SA, Al-Harbi A, et al. Prevalence of sleep duration among Saudi adults. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(3):276-83.
9. Buysse DJ. Sleep Health: Can We Define It? Does It Matter? Sleep. 2014;37(1):9-17.
10. Worley SL. The Extraordinary Importance of Sleep: The Detrimental Effects of Inadequate Sleep on Health and Public Safety Drive an Explosion of Sleep Research. P T. 2018;43(12):758-63.
11. Panel CC. Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep. 2015;38(6):843-4.
12. Goel N, Basner M, Rao H, Dinges DF. Circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and human performance. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 119: Elsevier; 2013. p. 155-90.
13. Landolt H-P, Holst SC, Sousek A, Bassetti C, Dogas Z, Peigneux P. Effects of acute and chronic sleep deprivation. 2014.
14. Cooper CB, Neufeld EV, Dolezal BA, Martin JL. Sleep deprivation and obesity in adults: a brief narrative review. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine. 2018;4(1).
15. Roberge P, Normand-Lauzière F, Raymond I, Luc M, Tanguay-Bernard M-M, Duhoux A, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder in primary care: mental health services use and treatment adequacy. BMC family practice. 2015;16(1):146.
16. Crocq M-A. The history of generalized anxiety disorder as a diagnostic category. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2017;19(2):107.
17. Stein MB, Sareen J. Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373(21):2059-68.
18. Lykouras L, Michopoulos J. Anxiety disorders and obesity. Psychiatriki. 2011;22(4):307-13.
19. Sapra A, Bhandari P, Sharma S, Chanpura T, Lopp L. Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) and GAD-7 in a Primary Care Setting. Cureus. 2020;12(5).
20. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry research. 1989;28(2):193-213.
21. Weir CB, Jan A. BMI classification percentile and cut off points. 2019.
22. SS MA. A review of prevalence of obesity in Saudi Arabia. J Obes Eat Disord. 2016;2(2):25.
23. Alharbi C, Jackson R, editors. Physical Activity and the Prevalence of General and Abdominal Obesity among Saudi Women of Reproductive Age in Jeddah2017.
24. Algahtani FD. Healthy Lifestyle among Ha'il University Students, Saudi Arabia. Int J Pharm Res Allied sci. 2020;9(1):160-7.
25. Alahmed Z, Lobelo F. Physical activity promotion in Saudi Arabia: A critical role for clinicians and the health care system. Journal of epidemiology and global health. 2018;7:S7-S15.
26. Brumpton B, Langhammer A, Romundstad P, Chen Y, Mai X-M. The associations of anxiety and depression symptoms with weight change and incident obesity: The HUNT Study. International Journal of Obesity. 2013;37(9):1268-74.
27. DeJesus RS, Breitkopf CR, Ebbert JO, Rutten LJF, Jacobson RM, Jacobson DJ, et al. Associations between anxiety disorder diagnoses and body mass index differ by age, sex and race: a population based study. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health: CP & EMH. 2016;12:67.
28. Javadi M, Jourabchi Z, Shafikhani AA, Tajik E. Prevalence of depression and anxiety and their association with body mass index among high school students in Qazvin, Iran, 2013–2014. Electronic Physician. 2017;9(6):4655.
29. Haghighi M, Jahangard L, Ahmadpanah M, Bajoghli H, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Brand S. The relation between anxiety and BMI–is it all in our curves? Psychiatry research. 2016;235:49-54.
30. Kandola A, Vancampfort D, Herring M, Rebar A, Hallgren M, Firth J, et al. Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(8):63.
31. Wang H, Fu J, Lu Q, Tao F, Hao J. Physical activity, body mass index and mental health in Chinese adolescents: a population based study. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2014;54(4):518.
32. Wu Y, Zhai L, Zhang D. Sleep duration and obesity among adults: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep medicine. 2014;15(12):1456-62.
33. Markwald RR, Melanson EL, Smith MR, Higgins J, Perreault L, Eckel RH, et al. Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013;110(14):5695-700.
34. Greer SM, Goldstein AN, Walker MP. The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. Nature communications. 2013;4(1):1-7.
35. Romero-Corral A, Caples SM, Lopez-Jimenez F, Somers VK. Interactions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: implications for treatment. Chest. 2010;137(3):711-9.
36. Risso TT, Poyares D, Rizzi CF, Pulz C, Guilleminault C, Tufik S, et al. The impact of sleep duration in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep and Breathing. 2013;17(2):837-43.
37. Theorell-Haglöw J, Åkerstedt T, Schwarz J, Lindberg E. Predictors for development of excessive daytime sleepiness in women: a population-based 10-year follow-up. Sleep. 2015;38(12):1995-2003.
38. Nguyen-Rodriguez ST, McClain AD, Spruijt-Metz D. Anxiety mediates the relationship between sleep onset latency and emotional eating in minority children. Eating behaviors. 2010;11(4):297-300.
39. Pires GN, Bezerra AG, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Effects of acute sleep deprivation on state anxiety levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine. 2016;24:109-18.
40. Koinis-Mitchell D, Rosario-Matos N, RamÃrez RR, GarcÃa P, Canino GJ, Ortega AN. Sleep, depressive/anxiety disorders, and obesity in Puerto Rican youth. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings. 2017;24(1):59-73.
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Published
2021-08-26
How to Cite
Alhusseini, N. K., Elaasser, B., Alshaar, B., Alyousof, S., Boukhet, S., & Omair, A. (2021). Obesity, Quality of Sleep and Anxiety in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 7(4), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v7i4.1039
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