Determination of procedural pain intensity among Critically-Ill patients: Using Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v8i4.1260Keywords:
Pain, Critically-ill, Behavioral Pain Scale, Intensive Care UnitAbstract
Objectives: To assess pain severity for routine nursing procedures. As well as to compare pain severity during three measurement phases. And to find out the differences among routine nursing procedures pain severity.
Methods: An observational method for data collection and sample of 135 subjects who had met the study's inclusion criteria were targeted. The data collection started from January 18thto April 7th, 2022.
Results: Patients were silently suffering pain during all three assessment phases: pre-during, and 20 minutes’ post-routine nursing procedures. Of equal importance, there is a statistically significant difference between all nursing procedures in terms of pain intensity.
Conclusion: The critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients who were recruited in this study, were silently suffering from a relatively high level of pain during their hospitalization period in the Intensive Care Unit. The highlighted case of silent suffering is a serious gap in both medical and nursing care quality that must be addressed both urgently and effectively.
References
- Hylén M. Pain in intensive care: assessments and patients’ experience (Doctoral dissertation, Malmö universitet). 2021.
- Na'el K A, Mohammed WK. Nurses' Knowledge toward Care of Unconscious Adult Patients at Teaching Hospitals in Al-Hilla City. Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties. 2019; 32(1).
- Shaikh N, Tahseen S, Haq QZ, Al-Ameri G, Ganaw A, Chanda A, Labathkhan MZ, Kazi T. Acute pain management in intensive care patients: facts and figures. InPain management in special circumstances 2018 Nov 5. London, England: IntechOpen.
- Shahiri TS, Richard-Lalonde M, Richebé P, Gélinas C. Exploration of the Nociception Level (NOL™) Index for pain assessment during endotracheal suctioning in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: An observational and feasibility study. Pain Management Nursing. 2020 Oct 1; 21(5):428-34.
- Pinheiro AR, Marques RM. Behavioral Pain Scale and Critical Care Pain Observation Tool for pain evaluation in orotracheally tubed critical patients. A systematic review of the literature. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva. 2020 Jan 20; 31:571-81.
- Aktaş YY, Karabulut N. Relief of procedural pain in critically Ill patients by music therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Complementary medicine research. 2019; 26(3):156-65.
- Arrar A, Mohammed S. Evaluation of Nurses' Knowledge and Practices Concerning Nursing Care Guide in the Intensive Care Unit in Misan Governorate Hospitals. Kufa Journal for nursing sciences. 2020; 10(1):12-22.
- Gomarverdi S, Sedighie L, Seifrabiei MA, Nikooseresht M. Comparison of two pain scales: Behavioral pain scale and critical-care pain observation tool during invasive and noninvasive procedures in intensive care unit-admitted patients. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research. 2019 Mar; 24(2):151.
- Alnajar MK, Shudifat R, Mosleh SM, Ismaile S, N'erat M, Amro K. Pain Assessment and Management in Intensive Care Unit: Nurses' Practices, Perceived Influencing Factors, and Educational Needs. The Open Nursing Journal. 2021 Oct 5; 15(1).
- Kadhim H. Evaluation of Nurses' Practices toward the Control of Patients’ Complications at the Respiratory Care Unit in Baghdad Teaching Hospitals. Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties. 2014; 1(27):47-58.
- Damico V, Macchi G, Murano L, Molinari AF. Incidence of pain at rest and during nursing procedures in ICU patients: a longitudinal observational study. Ann Ig. 2020 Jul 1;32(4):407-18
- Berman A, Snyder SJ, Levett-Jones T, Dwyer T, Hales M, Harvey N, Moxham L, Langtree T, Parker B, Reid-Searl K, Stanley D. Kozier and Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing [4th Australian edition].
- Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL, Weinhouse GL, Nunnally ME, Rochwerg B, Balas MC. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Critical care medicine. 2018 Sep 1; 46(9):e825-73.
- Payen JF, Bru O, Bosson JL, Lagrasta A, Novel E, Deschaux I, Lavagne P, Jacquot C. Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale. Critical care medicine. 2001 Dec 1; 29(12):2258-63.
- Salvadore CA. Implementation of the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool. 2018
- Honan L, Bautista C, Esposito C. Focus on Adult Health Medical-Surgical Nursing 2nd Ed. 2018.
- Kundu RN, Biswas S, Das M. Mean arterial pressure classification: a better tool for statistical interpretation of blood pressure related risk covariates. Cardiology and Angiology: An International Journal. 2017; 6(1):1-7.
- Alikiaie B, Mousavi S, Ebrahimi A, Foroughi Z. Evaluation of pain assessment and management in critically Ill intubated patients in a referral university hospital in Iran. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice. 2019 Jul; 8(3):137.
- Kemp HI, Bantel C, Gordon F, Brett SJ, PLAN, SEARCH, Laycock HC, Bampoe S, Bantel C, Gooneratne M, Highton D. Pain Assessment in INT ensive care (PAINT): an observational study of physician‐documented pain assessment in 45 intensive care units in the United Kingdom. Anaesthesia. 2017 Jun; 72(6):737-48.
- Hinksman CA, Haylock RG, Gillies M. Cerebrovascular disease mortality after occupational radiation exposure among the UK National Registry for Radiation Workers Cohort. Radiation Research. 2022 May; 197(5):459-70.
- Alogaili AA, Khullof WA. Epidemiological, characteristics and outcomes of Road Traffic accident among patients in emergency units. Journal of MAR case rports. 2021; 3(3):1-3.
- Oliveira LS, Macedo MP, Silva SA, Oliveira AP, Santos VS. Pain assessment in critical patients using the Behavioral Pain Scale. BrJP. 2019 Jun 19; 2:112-6.
- Morris JL, Bernard F, Bérubé M, Dubé JN, Houle J, Laporta D, Morin SN, Perreault M, Williamson D, Gélinas C. Determinants of pain assessment documentation in intensive care units. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie. 2021 Aug; 68(8):1176-84.
- AL-Saad SN, AI-Jaafari HA. Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol as sedatives for critically ill patients in intensive care units. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad. 2018 Apr 1; 60(1):28-31.
- Klein C, Caumo W, Gélinas C, Patines V, Pilger T, Lopes A, Backes FN, Villas-Boas DF, Vieira SR. Validation of two pain assessment tools using a standardized nociceptive stimulation in critically ill adults. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2018 Oct 1; 56(4):594-601.
- Erden S, Demir N, Ugras GA, Arslan U, Arslan S. Vital signs: Valid indicators to assess pain in intensive care unit patients? An observational, descriptive study. Nursing & health sciences. 2018 Dec; 20(4):502-8.
- Considine J, Street M, Hutchinson AM, Mohebbi M, Rawson H, Dunning T, Botti M, Duke MM, Hutchison AF, Bucknall T. Vital sign abnormalities as predictors of clinical deterioration in subacute care patients: A prospective case-time-control study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2020 Aug 1; 108:103612.
- Darmanto D, Haloho AB, Zainal R, Bahar E. Suitability of CPOT and BPS to Assess Pain Response in Intubated Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Intensive Care Patients. Journal of Anesthesiology and Clinical Research. 2020; 1(2):85-94.
- Lesny M, Conrad M, Latarche C, Sylvestre A, Gaujard E, Dubois V, Quignard C, Citro V, Thomas JC, Bridey C, Weber AM. Adverse events during nursing care procedure in intensive care unit: The PREVENIR study. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. 2020 Oct 1; 60:102881.
- Akhani P, Mendpara S, Palan B, Harsoda J. Gender differences in response to experimental pain among medical students from a western state of India. International journal of medical students. 2014 Jan 27; 2(1):13-7.
- García-Esquinas E, Rodríguez-Sánchez I, Ortolá R, Lopez-Garcia E, Caballero FF, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Banegas JR, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Gender differences in pain risk in old age: magnitude and contributors. InMayo Clinic Proceedings 2019 Sep 1 (Vol. 94, No. 9, pp. 1707-1717). Elsevier.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.