Link of gut microbiome with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v8i6.1305Keywords:
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Microbial metabolites, EpigenomicsAbstract
The gut microbiota presented in the human digestive system plays an active role in maintaining host health. Recent studies that rely on the use of high throughput metagenomic sequencing (MGS) revealed the association of dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial community and many chronic diseases, specifically type 2 diabetes (T2D). This disease is considered one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases worldwide comprising up to 90%. This article presents the most prominent research in this field and summarizes the method used to study the diversity of the gut microbiome through the use bioinformatics tools. We highlight the role of gut metabolic products in the development of T2D, as many studies have proven the influence of microbial metabolite products, such as LPS and SCFAs, on blood glucose levels through the microbial-host cross-talk. In addition, this article underlines the interaction of epigenetic mechanisms and the gut microbiome in regulating and developing T2D. The latter can be an appropriate preventative or therapeutic approach for several human metabolic diseases. Therefore, future research is required to build new type of T2D therapy based on epigenetic mechanisms, microbial composition, and microbial metabolites.
References
ALLIN, K. H., NIELSEN, T. & PEDERSEN, O. 2015. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol, 172, R167-77.
AMAR, J., SERINO, M., LANGE, C., CHABO, C., IACOVONI, J., MONDOT, S., LEPAGE, P., KLOPP, C., MARIETTE, J., BOUCHEZ, O., PEREZ, L., COURTNEY, M., MARRE, M., KLOPP, P., LANTIERI, O., DORE, J., CHARLES, M., BALKAU, B. & BURCELIN, R. 2011. Involvement of tissue bacteria in the onset of diabetes in humans: evidence for a concept. Diabetologia, 54, 3055-61.
BäCKHED, F., LEY, R. E., SONNENBURG, J. L., PETERSON, D. A. & GORDON, J. I. 2005. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science, 307, 1915-20.
BARENGOLTS, E. 2016. GUT MICROBIOTA, PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS, AND SYNBIOTICS IN MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY AND PREDIABETES: REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS. Endocr Pract, 22, 1224-1234.
BINDELS, L. B., DEWULF, E. M. & DELZENNE, N. M. 2013. GPR43/FFA2: physiopathological relevance and therapeutic prospects. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 34, 226-232.
BURCELIN, R., SERINO, M., CHABO, C., BLASCO-BAQUE, V. & AMAR, J. 2011. Gut microbiota and diabetes: from pathogenesis to therapeutic perspective. Acta diabetologica, 48, 257-273.
CANI, P. D., AMAR, J., IGLESIAS, M. A., POGGI, M., KNAUF, C., BASTELICA, D., NEYRINCK, A. M., FAVA, F., TUOHY, K. M., CHABO, C., WAGET, A., DELMEE, E., COUSIN, B., SULPICE, T., CHAMONTIN, B., FERRIERES, J., TANTI, J.-F., GIBSON, G. R., CASTEILLA, L., DELZENNE, N. M., ALESSI, M. C. & BURCELIN, R. 2007. Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes, 56, 1761-1772.
CANI, P. D., BIBILONI, R., KNAUF, C., WAGET, A., NEYRINCK, A. M., DELZENNE, N. M. & BURCELIN, R. 2008. Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice. Diabetes, 57, 1470-1481.
CAPORASO, J. G., KUCZYNSKI, J., STOMBAUGH, J., BITTINGER, K., BUSHMAN, F. D., COSTELLO, E. K., FIERER, N., PEñA, A. G., GOODRICH, J. K., GORDON, J. I., HUTTLEY, G. A., KELLEY, S. T., KNIGHTS, D., KOENIG, J. E., LEY, R. E., LOZUPONE, C. A., MCDONALD, D., MUEGGE, B. D., PIRRUNG, M., REEDER, J., SEVINSKY, J. R., TURNBAUGH, P. J., WALTERS, W. A., WIDMANN, J., YATSUNENKO, T., ZANEVELD, J. & KNIGHT, R. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature Methods, 7, 335-336.
CARABOTTI, M., SCIROCCO, A., MASELLI, M. A. & SEVERI, C. 2015. The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of gastroenterology, 28, 203-209.
CHEN, X., D’SOUZA, R. & HONG, S.-T. 2013. The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives. Protein & Cell, 4, 403-414.
CHIMEREL, C., EMERY, E., SUMMERS, DAVID K., KEYSER, U., GRIBBLE, FIONA M. & REIMANN, F. 2014. Bacterial Metabolite Indole Modulates Incretin Secretion from Intestinal Enteroendocrine L Cells. Cell Reports, 9, 1202-1208.
CLEMENTE, J. C., URSELL, L. K., PARFREY, L. W. & KNIGHT, R. 2012. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view. Cell, 148, 1258-70.
CUMMINGS, J. H., POMARE, E. W., BRANCH, W. J., NAYLOR, C. P. & MACFARLANE, G. T. 1987. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut, 28, 1221-7.
DAO, M. C., EVERARD, A., ARON-WISNEWSKY, J., SOKOLOVSKA, N., PRIFTI, E., VERGER, E. O., KAYSER, B. D., LEVENEZ, F., CHILLOUX, J., HOYLES, L., DUMAS, M.-E., RIZKALLA, S. W., DORE, J., CANI, P. D. & CLEMENT, K. 2016. <em>Akkermansia muciniphila</em> and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut, 65, 426.
DAVID, L. A., MAURICE, C. F., CARMODY, R. N., GOOTENBERG, D. B., BUTTON, J. E., WOLFE, B. E., LING, A. V., DEVLIN, A. S., VARMA, Y., FISCHBACH, M. A., BIDDINGER, S. B., DUTTON, R. J. & TURNBAUGH, P. J. 2014. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature, 505, 559-563.
DAYEH, T., VOLKOV, P., SALö, S., HALL, E., NILSSON, E., OLSSON, A. H., KIRKPATRICK, C. L., WOLLHEIM, C. B., ELIASSON, L., RöNN, T., BACOS, K. & LING, C. 2014. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis of Human Pancreatic Islets from Type 2 Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Donors Identifies Candidate Genes That Influence Insulin Secretion. PLOS Genetics, 10, e1004160.
DELZENNE, N. M. & CANI, P. D. 2011. Gut Microbiota and the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Current Diabetes Reports, 11, 154.
DESANTIS, T. Z., HUGENHOLTZ, P., LARSEN, N., ROJAS, M., BRODIE, E. L., KELLER, K., HUBER, T., DALEVI, D., HU, P. & ANDERSEN, G. L. 2006. Greengenes, a Chimera-Checked 16S rRNA Gene Database and Workbench Compatible with ARB. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 5069.
DONOHOE, D. R., HOLLEY, D., COLLINS, L. B., MONTGOMERY, S. A., WHITMORE, A. C., HILLHOUSE, A., CURRY, K. P., RENNER, S. W., GREENWALT, A., RYAN, E. P., GODFREY, V., HEISE, M. T., THREADGILL, D. S., HAN, A., SWENBERG, J. A., THREADGILL, D. W. & BULTMAN, S. J. 2014. A Gnotobiotic Mouse Model Demonstrates That Dietary Fiber Protects against Colorectal Tumorigenesis in a Microbiota- and Butyrate-Dependent Manner. Cancer Discovery, 4, 1387-1397.
EVERARD, A. & CANI, P. D. 2014. Gut microbiota and GLP-1. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 15, 189-96.
FAITH, J. J., GURUGE, J. L., CHARBONNEAU, M., SUBRAMANIAN, S., SEEDORF, H., GOODMAN, A. L., CLEMENTE, J. C., KNIGHT, R., HEATH, A. C., LEIBEL, R. L., ROSENBAUM, M. & GORDON, J. I. 2013. The Long-Term Stability of the Human Gut Microbiota. Science, 341, 1237439.
FALONY, G., JOOSSENS, M., VIEIRA-SILVA, S., WANG, J., DARZI, Y., FAUST, K., KURILSHIKOV, A., BONDER, M. J., VALLES-COLOMER, M., VANDEPUTTE, D., TITO, R. Y., CHAFFRON, S., RYMENANS, L., VERSPECHT, C., DE SUTTER, L., LIMA-MENDEZ, G., D'HOE, K., JONCKHEERE, K., HOMOLA, D., GARCIA, R., TIGCHELAAR, E. F., EECKHAUDT, L., FU, J., HENCKAERTS, L., ZHERNAKOVA, A., WIJMENGA, C. & RAES, J. 2016. Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation. Science, 352, 560-4.
FORSLUND, K., HILDEBRAND, F., NIELSEN, T., FALONY, G., LE CHATELIER, E., SUNAGAWA, S., PRIFTI, E., VIEIRA-SILVA, S., GUDMUNDSDOTTIR, V., PEDERSEN, H. K., ARUMUGAM, M., KRISTIANSEN, K., VOIGT, A. Y., VESTERGAARD, H., HERCOG, R., COSTEA, P. I., KULTIMA, J. R., LI, J., JøRGENSEN, T., LEVENEZ, F., DORE, J., NIELSEN, H. B., BRUNAK, S., RAES, J., HANSEN, T., WANG, J., EHRLICH, S. D., BORK, P. & PEDERSEN, O. 2015. Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature, 528, 262-266.
FROST, G., SLEETH, M. L., SAHURI-ARISOYLU, M., LIZARBE, B., CERDAN, S., BRODY, L., ANASTASOVSKA, J., GHOURAB, S., HANKIR, M., ZHANG, S., CARLING, D., SWANN, J. R., GIBSON, G., VIARDOT, A., MORRISON, D., LOUISE THOMAS, E. & BELL, J. D. 2014. The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism. Nat Commun, 5, 3611.
FUJIMURA, K. E., SLUSHER, N. A., CABANA, M. D. & LYNCH, S. V. 2010. Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 8, 435-454.
FURET, J.-P., KONG, L.-C., TAP, J., POITOU, C., BASDEVANT, A., BOUILLOT, J.-L., MARIAT, D., CORTHIER, G., DORE, J., HENEGAR, C., RIZKALLA, S. & CLEMENT, K. 2010. Differential Adaptation of Human Gut Microbiota to Bariatric Surgery–Induced Weight Loss. Diabetes, 59, 3049.
FURUSAWA, Y., OBATA, Y., FUKUDA, S., ENDO, T. A., NAKATO, G., TAKAHASHI, D., NAKANISHI, Y., UETAKE, C., KATO, K., KATO, T., TAKAHASHI, M., FUKUDA, N. N., MURAKAMI, S., MIYAUCHI, E., HINO, S., ATARASHI, K., ONAWA, S., FUJIMURA, Y., LOCKETT, T., CLARKE, J. M., TOPPING, D. L., TOMITA, M., HORI, S., OHARA, O., MORITA, T., KOSEKI, H., KIKUCHI, J., HONDA, K., HASE, K. & OHNO, H. 2013. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature, 504, 446-50.
GEVERS, D., KNIGHT, R., PETROSINO, J. F., HUANG, K., MCGUIRE, A. L., BIRREN, B. W., NELSON, K. E., WHITE, O., METHE, B. A. & HUTTENHOWER, C. 2012. The Human Microbiome Project: A Community Resource for the Healthy Human Microbiome. PLOS Biology, 10, e1001377.
GORDON, S. 2002. Pattern Recognition Receptors: Doubling Up for the Innate Immune Response. Cell, 111, 927-930.
GOTELLI, N. & CHAO, A. 2013. Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Species Diversity, and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data.
GRENHAM, S., CLARKE, G., CRYAN, J. F. & DINAN, T. G. 2011. Brain-gut-microbe communication in health and disease. Frontiers in physiology, 2, 94-94.
HAGERTY, S. L., ELLINGSON, J. M., HELMUTH, T. B., BIDWELL, L. C., HUTCHISON, K. E. & BRYAN, A. D. 2019. An Overview and Proposed Research Framework for Studying Co-Occurring Mental- and Physical-Health Dysfunction. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 633-645.
HUTTENHOWER, C., GEVERS, D., KNIGHT, R., ABUBUCKER, S., BADGER, J. H., CHINWALLA, A. T., CREASY, H. H., EARL, A. M., FITZGERALD, M. G., FULTON, R. S., GIGLIO, M. G., HALLSWORTH-PEPIN, K., LOBOS, E. A., MADUPU, R., MAGRINI, V., MARTIN, J. C., MITREVA, M., MUZNY, D. M., SODERGREN, E. J., VERSALOVIC, J., WOLLAM, A. M., WORLEY, K. C., WORTMAN, J. R., YOUNG, S. K., ZENG, Q., AAGAARD, K. M., ABOLUDE, O. O., ALLEN-VERCOE, E., ALM, E. J., ALVARADO, L., ANDERSEN, G. L., ANDERSON, S., APPELBAUM, E., ARACHCHI, H. M., ARMITAGE, G., ARZE, C. A., AYVAZ, T., BAKER, C. C., BEGG, L., BELACHEW, T., BHONAGIRI, V., BIHAN, M., BLASER, M. J., BLOOM, T., BONAZZI, V., PAUL BROOKS, J., BUCK, G. A., BUHAY, C. J., BUSAM, D. A., CAMPBELL, J. L., CANON, S. R., CANTAREL, B. L., CHAIN, P. S. G., CHEN, I. M. A., CHEN, L., CHHIBBA, S., CHU, K., CIULLA, D. M., CLEMENTE, J. C., CLIFTON, S. W., CONLAN, S., CRABTREE, J., CUTTING, M. A., DAVIDOVICS, N. J., DAVIS, C. C., DESANTIS, T. Z., DEAL, C., DELEHAUNTY, K. D., DEWHIRST, F. E., DEYCH, E., DING, Y., DOOLING, D. J., DUGAN, S. P., MICHAEL DUNNE, W., SCOTT DURKIN, A., EDGAR, R. C., ERLICH, R. L., FARMER, C. N., FARRELL, R. M., FAUST, K., FELDGARDEN, M., FELIX, V. M., FISHER, S., FODOR, A. A., FORNEY, L. J., FOSTER, L., DI FRANCESCO, V., FRIEDMAN, J., FRIEDRICH, D. C., FRONICK, C. C., FULTON, L. L., GAO, H., GARCIA, N., GIANNOUKOS, G., GIBLIN, C., GIOVANNI, M. Y., GOLDBERG, J. M., GOLL, J., GONZALEZ, A., GRIGGS, A., et al. 2012. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486, 207-214.
INTERNATION DIABETES FEDERATION. 2019. MENA Members [Online]. Available: https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/middle-east-and-north-africa/members/46-saudi-arabia.html [Accessed Feb26,2020].
JANDHYALA, S. M., TALUKDAR, R., SUBRAMANYAM, C., VUYYURU, H., SASIKALA, M. & NAGESHWAR REDDY, D. 2015. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol, 21, 8787-803.
JONES, B. V., BEGLEY, M., HILL, C., GAHAN, C. G. M. & MARCHESI, J. R. 2008. Functional and comparative metagenomic analysis of bile salt hydrolase activity in the human gut microbiome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 13580-13585.
KARLSSON, F. H., TREMAROLI, V., NOOKAEW, I., BERGSTRöM, G., BEHRE, C. J., FAGERBERG, B., NIELSEN, J. & BäCKHED, F. 2013. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature, 498, 99-103.
KHAN, MUHAMMAD T., NIEUWDORP, M. & BäCKHED, F. 2014. Microbial Modulation of Insulin Sensitivity. Cell Metabolism, 20, 753-760.
KOH, A., DE VADDER, F., KOVATCHEVA-DATCHARY, P. & BäCKHED, F. 2016. From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites. Cell, 165, 1332-1345.
LANGENBERG, C. & LOTTA, L. A. 2018. Genomic insights into the causes of type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 391, 2463-2474.
LARSEN, N., VOGENSEN, F. K., VAN DEN BERG, F. W. J., NIELSEN, D. S., ANDREASEN, A. S., PEDERSEN, B. K., AL-SOUD, W. A., SøRENSEN, S. J., HANSEN, L. H. & JAKOBSEN, M. 2010. Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults. PLOS ONE, 5, e9085.
LE CHATELIER, E., NIELSEN, T., QIN, J., PRIFTI, E., HILDEBRAND, F., FALONY, G., ALMEIDA, M., ARUMUGAM, M., BATTO, J. M., KENNEDY, S., LEONARD, P., LI, J., BURGDORF, K., GRARUP, N., JøRGENSEN, T., BRANDSLUND, I., NIELSEN, H. B., JUNCKER, A. S., BERTALAN, M., LEVENEZ, F., PONS, N., RASMUSSEN, S., SUNAGAWA, S., TAP, J., TIMS, S., ZOETENDAL, E. G., BRUNAK, S., CLEMENT, K., DORE, J., KLEEREBEZEM, M., KRISTIANSEN, K., RENAULT, P., SICHERITZ-PONTEN, T., DE VOS, W. M., ZUCKER, J. D., RAES, J., HANSEN, T., BORK, P., WANG, J., EHRLICH, S. D. & PEDERSEN, O. 2013. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature, 500, 541-6.
LEY, R. E., TURNBAUGH, P. J., KLEIN, S. & GORDON, J. I. 2006. Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature, 444, 1022-1023.
LIN, H. V., FRASSETTO, A., KOWALIK, E. J., JR., NAWROCKI, A. R., LU, M. M., KOSINSKI, J. R., HUBERT, J. A., SZETO, D., YAO, X., FORREST, G. & MARSH, D. J. 2012. Butyrate and propionate protect against diet-induced obesity and regulate gut hormones via free fatty acid receptor 3-independent mechanisms. PLoS One, 7, e35240.
LOUIS, P. & FLINT, H. J. 2009. Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 294, 1-8.
LOZUPONE, C. A., STOMBAUGH, J. I., GORDON, J. I., JANSSON, J. K. & KNIGHT, R. 2012. Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota. Nature, 489, 220-230.
MARTIN, A. M., SUN, E. W., ROGERS, G. B. & KEATING, D. J. 2019. The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Host Metabolism Through the Regulation of Gut Hormone Release. Frontiers in Physiology, 10.
MOHAMMAD, S. & AHMAD, J. 2016. Management of obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in primary care. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 10, 171-81.
MORENO-INDIAS, I., CARDONA, F., TINAHONES, F. J. & QUEIPO-ORTUñO, M. I. 2014. Impact of the gut microbiota on the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 5.
MOWAT, A. M. & AGACE, W. W. 2014. Regional specialization within the intestinal immune system. Nature Reviews Immunology, 14, 667-685.
NICHOLSON, J. K., HOLMES, E., KINROSS, J., BURCELIN, R., GIBSON, G., JIA, W. & PETTERSSON, S. 2012. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science, 336, 1262-7.
PAUL, B., BARNES, S., DEMARK-WAHNEFRIED, W., MORROW, C., SALVADOR, C., SKIBOLA, C. & TOLLEFSBOL, T. O. 2015. Influences of diet and the gut microbiome on epigenetic modulation in cancer and other diseases. Clinical epigenetics [Online], 7. Available: http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26478753
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-015-0144-7
https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4609101
https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC4609101?pdf=render [Accessed 2015].
PEDERSEN, H. K., GUDMUNDSDOTTIR, V., NIELSEN, H. B., HYOTYLAINEN, T., NIELSEN, T., JENSEN, B. A. H., FORSLUND, K., HILDEBRAND, F., PRIFTI, E., FALONY, G., LE CHATELIER, E., LEVENEZ, F., DORE, J., MATTILA, I., PLICHTA, D. R., PöHö, P., HELLGREN, L. I., ARUMUGAM, M., SUNAGAWA, S., VIEIRA-SILVA, S., JøRGENSEN, T., HOLM, J. B., TROŠT, K., CONSORTIUM, M., KRISTIANSEN, K., BRIX, S., RAES, J., WANG, J., HANSEN, T., BORK, P., BRUNAK, S., ORESIC, M., EHRLICH, S. D. & PEDERSEN, O. 2016. Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity. Nature, 535, 376-381.
PENDYALA, S., WALKER, J. M. & HOLT, P. R. 2012. A high-fat diet is associated with endotoxemia that originates from the gut. Gastroenterology, 142, 1100-1101.e2.
PERRY, R. J., PENG, L., BARRY, N. A., CLINE, G. W., ZHANG, D., CARDONE, R. L., PETERSEN, K. F., KIBBEY, R. G., GOODMAN, A. L. & SHULMAN, G. I. 2016. Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome. Nature, 534, 213-7.
PETERSEN, C. & ROUND, J. L. 2014. Defining dysbiosis and its influence on host immunity and disease. Cell Microbiol, 16, 1024-33.
QIN, J., LI, R., RAES, J., ARUMUGAM, M., BURGDORF, K. S., MANICHANH, C., NIELSEN, T., PONS, N., LEVENEZ, F., YAMADA, T., MENDE, D. R., LI, J., XU, J., LI, S., LI, D., CAO, J., WANG, B., LIANG, H., ZHENG, H., XIE, Y., TAP, J., LEPAGE, P., BERTALAN, M., BATTO, J. M., HANSEN, T., LE PASLIER, D., LINNEBERG, A., NIELSEN, H. B., PELLETIER, E., RENAULT, P., SICHERITZ-PONTEN, T., TURNER, K., ZHU, H., YU, C., LI, S., JIAN, M., ZHOU, Y., LI, Y., ZHANG, X., LI, S., QIN, N., YANG, H., WANG, J., BRUNAK, S., DORE, J., GUARNER, F., KRISTIANSEN, K., PEDERSEN, O., PARKHILL, J., WEISSENBACH, J., BORK, P., EHRLICH, S. D. & WANG, J. 2010. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464, 59-65.
QIN, J., LI, Y., CAI, Z., LI, S., ZHU, J., ZHANG, F., LIANG, S., ZHANG, W., GUAN, Y., SHEN, D., PENG, Y., ZHANG, D., JIE, Z., WU, W., QIN, Y., XUE, W., LI, J., HAN, L., LU, D., WU, P., DAI, Y., SUN, X., LI, Z., TANG, A., ZHONG, S., LI, X., CHEN, W., XU, R., WANG, M., FENG, Q., GONG, M., YU, J., ZHANG, Y., ZHANG, M., HANSEN, T., SANCHEZ, G., RAES, J., FALONY, G., OKUDA, S., ALMEIDA, M., LECHATELIER, E., RENAULT, P., PONS, N., BATTO, J. M., ZHANG, Z., CHEN, H., YANG, R., ZHENG, W., LI, S., YANG, H., WANG, J., EHRLICH, S. D., NIELSEN, R., PEDERSEN, O., KRISTIANSEN, K. & WANG, J. 2012. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 490, 55-60.
QUAST, C., PRUESSE, E., YILMAZ, P., GERKEN, J., SCHWEER, T., YARZA, P., PEPLIES, J. & GLöCKNER, F. O. 2013. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, D590-D596.
RADWAN, S., GILFILLAN, D., EKLUND, B., RADWAN, H. M., EL MENOFY, N. G., LEE, J., KAPUSCINSKI, M. & ABDO, Z. 2020. A comparative study of the gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with Type I and Type II diabetes. PLOS ONE, 15, e0238764.
RAPIN, A., PATTARONI, C., MARSLAND, B. J. & HARRIS, N. L. 2017. Microbiota Analysis Using an Illumina MiSeq Platform to Sequence 16S rRNA Genes. Curr Protoc Mouse Biol, 7, 100-129.
REICHARDT, N., DUNCAN, S. H., YOUNG, P., BELENGUER, A., MCWILLIAM LEITCH, C., SCOTT, K. P., FLINT, H. J. & LOUIS, P. 2014. Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. Isme j, 8, 1323-35.
REIMANN, F., TOLHURST, G. & GRIBBLE, F. M. 2012. G-protein-coupled receptors in intestinal chemosensation. Cell Metab, 15, 421-31.
REMELY, M., AUMUELLER, E., JAHN, D., HIPPE, B., BRATH, H. & HASLBERGER, A. G. 2014. Microbiota and epigenetic regulation of inflammatory mediators in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Benef Microbes, 5, 33-43.
ROMANO, K. A. & REY, F. E. 2018. Is maternal microbial metabolism an early-life determinant of health? Lab animal, 47, 239-243.
RUCHAT, S.-M., ELKS, C. E., LOOS, R. J. F., VOHL, M.-C., WEISNAGEL, S. J., RANKINEN, T., BOUCHARD, C. & PERUSSE, L. 2008. Association between insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants identified in genome-wide association studies. Acta Diabetologica, 46, 217.
SCHLOSS, P. D., WESTCOTT, S. L., RYABIN, T., HALL, J. R., HARTMANN, M., HOLLISTER, E. B., LESNIEWSKI, R. A., OAKLEY, B. B., PARKS, D. H., ROBINSON, C. J., SAHL, J. W., STRES, B., THALLINGER, G. G., VAN HORN, D. J. & WEBER, C. F. 2009. Introducing mothur: Open-Source, Platform-Independent, Community-Supported Software for Describing and Comparing Microbial Communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75, 7537.
SHARMA, M., LI, Y., STOLL, M. L. & TOLLEFSBOL, T. O. 2020. The Epigenetic Connection Between the Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Diabetes. Frontiers in Genetics, 10.
SHARMA, R. & PRAJAPATI, P. K. 2015. Rising risk of type 2 diabetes among inhabitants of Jamnagar, Gujarat: A cross-sectional survey. Ayu, 36, 10-7.
SHIN, N. R., LEE, J. C., LEE, H. Y., KIM, M. S., WHON, T. W., LEE, M. S. & BAE, J. W. 2014. An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Gut, 63, 727-35.
SHOELSON, S. E., LEE, J. & GOLDFINE, A. B. 2006. Inflammation and insulin resistance. The Journal of clinical investigation, 116, 1793-1801.
SIKALIDIS, A. K. & MAYKISH, A. 2020. The Gut Microbiome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Discussing A Complex Relationship. Biomedicines, 8, 8.
STUMVOLL, M., GOLDSTEIN, B. J. & VAN HAEFTEN, T. W. 2005. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet, 365, 1333-46.
TURNBAUGH, P. J., LEY, R. E., HAMADY, M., FRASER-LIGGETT, C. M., KNIGHT, R. & GORDON, J. I. 2007. The Human Microbiome Project. Nature, 449, 804-810.
UPADHYAYA, S. & BANERJEE, G. 2015. Type 2 diabetes and gut microbiome: at the intersection of known and unknown. Gut Microbes, 6, 85-92.
VAN DE PEER, Y., CHAPELLE, S. & DE WACHTER, R. 1996. A Quantitative Map of Nucleotide Substitution Rates in Bacterial rRNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 3381-3391.
VAN DEN ABBEELE, P., BELZER, C., GOOSSENS, M., KLEEREBEZEM, M., DE VOS, W. M., THAS, O., DE WEIRDT, R., KERCKHOF, F.-M. & VAN DE WIELE, T. 2013. Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model. The ISME Journal, 7, 949-961.
VRIEZE, A., VAN NOOD, E., HOLLEMAN, F., SALOJäRVI, J., KOOTTE, R. S., BARTELSMAN, J. F., DALLINGA-THIE, G. M., ACKERMANS, M. T., SERLIE, M. J., OOZEER, R., DERRIEN, M., DRUESNE, A., VAN HYLCKAMA VLIEG, J. E., BLOKS, V. W., GROEN, A. K., HEILIG, H. G., ZOETENDAL, E. G., STROES, E. S., DE VOS, W. M., HOEKSTRA, J. B. & NIEUWDORP, M. 2012. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology, 143, 913-6.e7.
WOESE, C. R. & FOX, G. E. 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 74, 5088-5090.
ZHANG, X., SHEN, D., FANG, Z., JIE, Z., QIU, X., ZHANG, C., CHEN, Y. & JI, L. 2013. Human Gut Microbiota Changes Reveal the Progression of Glucose Intolerance. PloS one, 8, e71108.
ZHAO, L., LOU, H., PENG, Y., CHEN, S., ZHANG, Y. & LI, X. 2019. Comprehensive relationships between gut microbiome and faecal metabolome in individuals with type 2 diabetes and its complications. Endocrine, 66, 526-537.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
