Persistence of Helicobacter Pylori Coccoid Forms in Different Environments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v10i5.1632Keywords:
Peptide Hydrolases, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Staphylococcus aureusAbstract
Objective: The present study aims to determine the possibility of H. pylori coccoid forms to survive in our surrounding environments, thus exhibiting public health hazard.
Method: Helicobacter pylori strain Makkah 7 accession number HQ622108, was inoculated in samples of soil, well, tap, swimming pool, and sewage water; in which, an average initial inoculum of 107 CFU/ml was inoculated. The experiment was conducted, outdoor where ambient temperature varied between 39-55°C in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. The survival rate of H. pylori strain was quantitatively and qualitatively studied for five months.
Results: Viable counts were undetectable after 24 hours, while total count varied between 107 to 106, and declined to 103 bacterial cell/ml five months later. Interestingly, microscopic examination revealed few non-motile rods and motile coccoid forms. All samples were removed and placed at 4°C for one month. Following, total count, morphology, and motility were examined, showing motile coccoid forms. Electron microscopic and, molecular studies were carried out, confirming that the species is H. pylori, which was detected by using 16S rRNA primer for H. pylori with a product size of 163 bp. The ability of H. pylori strain to persist and survive, by being motile in the coccoid form, for five months under such hostile environment, strongly indicates that the coccoid form plays a vital role in the transmission, recrudescence, and therapeutic failure. It is indeed a hazardous and a crucial infectious phase of this bacterium.
Conclusion: Detecting coccoid forms in water and soil, accompanied by their eradication, must be seriously considered and applied. Consequently, hindering and preventing different diseases caused by H. pylori.
References
Marshall J B and Waren R J. Unidentified Curved Bacilli in the Stomach of Patients with Gastritis and Peptic Ulceration. The Lancet 1984; 1311–1314.
Kusters J, Gvan Vliet AHM, Kuipers EJ. 2006, Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Infection Clin Microbiol Rev 19, p 449–490.
Park SH. Changes in Upper Gastrointestinal Diseases according to Improvement of Helicobacter pylori Prevalence Rate in Korea. Korean J Gastroenterol., 2015;65(4):199–204. doi: 10.4166/kjg.2015.65.4.199.
Cover TL, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori in health and disease. Gastroenterology, 2009 136(6):1863–73. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.073.
Elbehiry A, Marzouk E, Aldubaib M et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: Current Status and Future Prospects on Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Control Challenges. Antibiotics 2023, Doi: 10.3390/antibiotics 12020191
Marshall J B, Goodwin, C. S., Warren, J. R., Murray, R., Blincow, E. D., Blackbourn, S. J. et al. (1988). Prospective double-blind trial of duodenal ulcer relapse after eradication of Campylobacter pylori. Lancet ii, 1437–42.
Fresnadillo Martínez MJ, Rodríguez Rincón M, Blázquez de Castro AM, García Sánchez E et al. Comparative evaluation of selective and nonselective media for primary isolation of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies. Helicobacter. 1997. 2(1):36–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.1997.tb00055.x.
Young K.A., Akyon Y., Rampton DS., Barton S.G., Allaker R.P., Hardie J.M. and Feldman.R.A.. Quantitative culture of Helicobacter pylori from gastric juice: the potential for transmission. J. of Medical Microbiology. 2020 Vol. 49, Issue 4.
Milyani M.R. and Barhameen A.A. Survival of Helicobacter pylori in Tap Water and Apple Juice. 2003; Journal of the Medical Research Institute, 24 (3) 158–168.
Milyani M.R. Nucleotide variations of 16S rRNA gene of VacA positive Helicobacter Pylori strains isolated from human Gastric Biopsies in Saudi Arabia. Journal of American Science, 2011a;7(6). 136–145.
Milyani M.R. and El-Sayed OE. Variations of VacA nucleotide and domain sequences of Helicobacter pylori coccoid forms isolated from a patient in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia. Nature and Science, 2011;9(8):122–137.
Ricci V. Relationship between VacA Toxin and Host Cell Autophagy in Helicobacter pylori Infection of the Human Stomach: A Few Answers, Many Questions. Toxins (Basel). 2016 Jul 1;8(7):203. doi: 10.3390/toxins8070203.
Wang S, Wang W, Chu Y, Teng G, Hu F. Non-bismuth quadruple therapy versus standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized controlled study. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2014, 94(8):576–9.
Jarzab M, Posselt G, Meisner-Kober N, Wessler S. Helicobacter pylori-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs): Role in Bacterial Pathogenesis? Microorganisms. 2020 Aug 31;8(9):1328. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8091328. PMID: 32878302; PMCID: PMC7564109.
Percival S L and Williams D W. Chapter Seven - Helicobacter pylori, Editor(s): Steven L. Percival, Marylynn V. Yates, David W. Williams, Rachel M. Chalmers, Nicholas F. Gray, Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases (Second Edition), Academic Press,2014, Pages 119–154, ISBN 9780124158467, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415846-7.00007-X.
Malfertheiner, P., Camargo, M.C., El-Omar, E. et al. Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 9, 19 (2023).
Boyanova L, Hadzhiyski P, Gergova R, Markovska R. Evolution of Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Antibiotics: A Topic of Increasing Concern. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Feb 4;12(2):332. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020332.
Ierardi E, Losurdo G, Mileti A, Paolillo R, Giorgio F, Principi M, Di Leo A. The Puzzle of Coccoid Forms of Helicobacter pylori: Beyond Basic Science. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 May 31;9(6):293. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9060293.
Krzyżek P, Grande R, Migdał P, Paluch E, Gościniak G. Biofilm Formation as a Complex Result of Virulence and Adaptive Responses of Helicobacter pylori. Pathogens. 2020 Dec 18;9(12):1062. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9121062.
Sarem M, Corti R, Role of Helicobacter pylori coccoid forms in infection and recrudescence, Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition), Volume 39, Issue 1,2016, Pages 28–35.
Brkić N, Švagelj D, Omazić J. Pathohistological Changes in the Gastric Mucosa in Correlation with the Immunohistochemically Detected Spiral and Coccoid Forms of Helicobacter pylori. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(6):1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12061060
Milyani M.R. Cytopathic effect of coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori in Albino rats and Swiss mice. Journal of American Science, 2011b;7(6). 1087–1092.
Reyes V.E. Helicobacter pylori and Its Role in Gastric Cancer. Microorganisms. 2023; 11:1312. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051312.
Ali A, AlHussaini KI. Helicobacter pylori: A Contemporary Perspective on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies. Microorganisms. 2024 Jan 22;12(1):222. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12010222.
Ansari S and Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Nov 19;11(11):677. doi: 10.3390/toxins11110677.
Horvat A, Noto JM, Ramatchandirin B, Zaika E, Palrasu M, Wei J, Schneider BG, El-Rifai W, Peek RM Jr, Zaika AI. Helicobacter pylori pathogen regulates p14ARF tumor suppressor and autophagy in gastric epithelial cells. Oncogene. 2018 Sep;37(37):5054–5065. doi: 10.1038/s41388-018-0343-8.
Cellini, L., Grande, R., Di Campli, E., Traini, T., Di Giulio, M., Nicola Lannutti, S., & Lattanzio, R. (2008). Dynamic colonization of Helicobacter pylori in human gastric mucosa. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 43(2), 178–185. https://doi.org/10. 1080/00365520701675965
Chen(1) M, Fangyuan Z, Dingnan L, Shengliang X, Jiayue L, Huihui G, Doudou G, Zhiyuan Y, Weidong H, Kurup PU, Zhu D Z. Quantification and cultivation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) from various urban water environments: A comprehensive analysis of precondition methods and sample characteristics, Environment International, Volume 187, 2024, 108683, doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108683.
Adams BL, Bates TC, Oliver JD. Survival of Helicobacter pylori in a natural freshwater environment. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Dec; 69(12):7462–6. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.12.7462-7466.2003.
El-Sharouny E, El-Shazli H, Olama Z. Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Some Egyptian Water Systems and Its Incidence of Transmission to Individuals. Iran J Public Health. 2015 Feb;44(2):203–10. PMID: 25905054.
Atapoor S, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Rahimi E. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Various Types of Vegetables and Salads. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7(5):e10013. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.10013.
Kayali S, Manfredi M, Gaiani F, Bianch L, Bizzari B, Leonardo G, Di Mario F, De’ Angelis GL. Helicobacter pylori, transmission routes and recurrence of infection: state of the art. Acta Biomed. 2018 Dec 17;89(8-S):72–76. Doi: 10.23750/abm.v89i8-S.7947.PMID: 30561421; PMCID: PMC6502203.
Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev. 2000;22(2):283–97. doi: 093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040. PMID: 11218379.
Citron, D. M., Baron, E. J., Finegold, S. M., & Goldstein, E. J. (1990). Short prereduced anaerobically sterilized (PRAS) biochemical scheme for identification of clinical isolates of bile-resistant Bacteroides species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 28(10), 2220–2223.
Lee A, and Megraud F., Helicobacter pylori: techniques for clinical diagnosis and basic research. W B saunders Company Ltd. London 1996.
Williams, J. G., Kubelik, A. R., Livak, K. J., Rafalski, J. A., & Tingey, S. V. (1990). DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research, 18(22), 6531–6535.
Ogata, M., Araki, K., & Ogata, T. (1998). An electron microscopic study of Helicobacter pylori in the surface mucous gel layer. Histology and Histopathology, 13(2), 347–358.
Gibson, J. R., Slater, E., Xerry, J., Tompkins, D. S., & Owen, R. J. (1998). Use of an amplified-fragment length polymorphism technique to fingerprint and differentiate isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36(9), 2580–2585.
Karim, Q. N., & Maxwell, R. H. (1989). Survival of Campylobacter pylori in artificially contaminated milk. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 42(7), 778.
Sato, T., Fujino, M. A., Kojima, Y., Ohtsuka, H., Ohtaka, M., Kubo, K., ... & Hosaka, H. (1999). Endoscopic urease sensor system for detecting Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 49(1), 32–38.
Reshetnyak VI, Reshetnyak TM. Significance of dormant forms of Helicobacter pylori in ulcerogenesis. World j Gastroenterol. 2017.doi:10.3748/wjg.i27.4867
Hasanvand B, Bakhtiari S, Kashef M, Abiri R, Alvandi A. Potentially Infectious Helicobacter pylori in Tap Water in Kermanshah, Western Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2023 Jul;52(7):1514–1521. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v52i7.13254. (IRAN)
Li L, Mendis N, Trigui H, et al. (2014). The importance of the viable but nonculturable state in human bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol, 5:258.
Bahrami AR, Rahimi E, Ghasemian Safaei H. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in city water, dental units’ water, and bottled mineral water in Isfahan, Iran. Scientific World Journal. 2013, 31;2013:280510. doi: 10.1155/2013/280510.
Hegarty P. J., M. T. Dowd, K. H. Baker, Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in surface water in the United States. J Appl Microbiol, 1999; 87, issue 5/ p.697–701
Chen(2) Ma, Dingnan Lu, Fangyuan Zhou, Jiayue Luo, Huihui Gan, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) Cytoplasmic Protein (ureB) in Wastewater Using an Electrochemical Competitive Immunosensor, IEEE Sensors Journal, doi:10. 1109/JSEN.2024.3375377,24, 9, (1383–13840), (2024).
Ma, C., Zhou, F., Lu, D., Xu, S., Luo, J., Gan, H., ... & Zhu, D. Z. (2024). Quantification and cultivation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) from various urban water environments: A comprehensive analysis of precondition methods and sample characteristics. Environment International, 187, 108683.
Poursina F, Faghri J, Moghim S, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Nasr-Esfahani B, et al. 2013; Assessment of cagE and babA mRNAexpression during morphological conversion of Helicobacter pylori from spiral to coccoid. Curr Microbiol. 2013; 66 (4): 406–13. doi:10. 1007/s00284-012-0280-7.
Sasaki K, Tajiri y, Sata M, Fujii y, Matsubara F., et al., Helicobacter pylori in the natural environment. Scand J Infect Dis 1999;31(3):275–9.
She FF, Lin JY, Liu JY, Huang C, Su DH. Virulence of water-induced coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its experimental infection in mice. World J Gastroenterol., 2003 9(3):516–20. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i3.516.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
