Risk factors of breast cancer among Iraqi women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v5i3.609Keywords:
Breast cancer, Risk factors, Iraqi womenAbstract
Objectives: This study aimed to identify the risk factors of Breast Cancer among Iraqi women.
Methods: A retrospective case control study, done on 147 breast cancer cases compared with 161 non- malignant cases selected randomly from women health center in Al-Elwyia maternity teaching hospital.
Results: increased risk for breast cancer significantly associated with increased age especially ≥ 60 years, widow or divorced women(OR 3.7, CI (1.5-8.5)), menopause ((OR 6.43, CI(3.58-11.9)),age at menarche < 12 years (OR 1.99, CI (1.04-3.8)), and use of contraceptive pills for≥ 1 year (OR 1.99, CI (1.01-3.95)).
Conclusion: positive risk factor for breast cancer was old age≥ 60 years, widow or divorced women, menopause, age at menarche < 12 years, and use of contraceptive pills for≥ 1 year. Family history, 2nd degree relative, not associated with breast cancer. There are some discrepancies between our findings and other studies in the literature need further studies.
References
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21. Butt Z, Shahbaz U.,2 Naseem T.,3 Ashfaq U.,Khan U. A., Khan M. R., Hashmim A. T.,et al .Reproductive Risk Factors for Female Breast Cancer: A Case – Control Study. ANNALS 2009; 15(4): 206-210.
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25. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1997; 350(9084):1047-59.
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27. Khalis M, Charbotel B, Chajès V, Rinaldi S, Moskal A, Biessy C, et al. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer: A case-control study in the Fez region, Morocco. PLoS ONE (2018); 13(1): e0191333.
28. Suha Jaryan Jaleel AL-Ramahi. Atheer Jawad A.A. AL-Saffar. Breast Cancer Risk Factors among Iraqi Women from Baghdad/Iraq 2012. Thesis submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for the second part of the Arab Board in Community Medicine 2013:37.
29. Bahir BH, Al-Naqeeb AA., Niazy SM. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Sample of Women. Iraqi J. Comm. Med.2012 ; 25: 4-8.
30. Wang QS, Ross R, Yu MC, Ning JP, Henderson BE, Kimn HT. A case–control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1992;1:435–9.
31. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, Persson I, Adami HO, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: the Norwegian- Swedish women’s lifestyle and health cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002; 11(11):1375–81.
32. Norsa adah, B., et al. "Risk factors of breast cancer in women in Kelantan, Malaysia." Singapore medical journal 46.12 (2005): 698.
33. Balekouzou A4, Yin P, Pamatika CM, Bekolo C E, NambeS W, Djeintote M, et al .Reproductive risk factors associated with breast cancer in women in Bangui: a case–control study Balekouzou et al. BMC Women's Health (2017) 17:14
34. Terry, Kathryn L., et al. "Menstrual cycle characteristics and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer." Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 14.6 (2005): 1509-1513.
35. Grabrick DM, Vierkant RA, Anderson KE, et al. Association of correlates of endogenous hormonal exposure with breast cancer risk in 426 families (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:333– 41.
36. Gao YT, Shu XO, Dai Q, et al. Association of menstrual and reproductive factors with breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Int J Cancer 2000;87:295–300. [PubMed: 10861490]
37. Clavel-Chapelon F. Cumulative number of menstrual cycles and breast cancer risk: results from the E3N cohort study of French women. Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:831–8.
38. den Tonkelaar I, de Waard F. Regularity and length of menstrual cycles in women aged 41-46 in relation to breast cancer risk: results from the DOM-project. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;38:253– 8.
39. Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Pike MC, et al. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Br J Cancer 1996;73:680–6.
40. Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Tozzi L. Lifelong menstrual patterns and risk of breast cancer. Oncology 1993;1993:222–50.
41. Titus-Ernstoff L, Longnecker MP, Newcomb PA, et al. Menstrual factors in relation to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:783–9.
42. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (2001) Familial Breast Cancer: Collaborative Reanalysis of Data from 52 Epidemiological Studies of 58209 Women with Breast Cancer and 101986 Women without the Disease. The Lancet, 358, 1389-1399.
43. Brewer, Hannah R., et al. "Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure." Breast cancer research and treatment 165.1 (2017): 193-200.
44. Ford D, Easton D F, Peto J. Estimates of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence.Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Dec;57(6):1457-62.
2. Iraqi Cancer Board (2015). Results of the Iraqi Cancer Registry 2012. Baghdad, Iraqi Cancer Registry Center, Ministry of Health.
3. Alwan NAS (2016): Breast Cancer among Iraqi women: Preliminary Findings from a Regional Comparative Breast Cancer Research Project. Journal of Global Oncology, ASCO; 2 (1): 1-4.
4. Al-Hashimi, M. M., and Xiang Jun Wang. "Breast cancer in Iraq, incidence trends from 2000-2009." Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP 15.1 (2014): 281-286.
5. McPherson, Klim, CaMa Steel, and J. M. Dixon. "Breast cancer—epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics." Bmj 321.7261 (2000): 624-628.
6. Bhupathiraju SN, Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, et al. Exogenous hormone use: Oral contraceptives, postmenopausal hormone therapy, and health outcomes in the Nurses' Health Study. American Journal of Public Health 2016; 106(9):1631-1637.
7. Mørch, Lina S., et al. "Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer." New England Journal of Medicine 377.23 (2017): 2228-2239.
8. Meshram II, Hiwarkar PA, Kulkarni PN. Reproductive risk factors for breast cancer: A case control study. Online J Health Allied Sci 2009;83:5. Back to cited text no. 17
9. Pakseresht S, Ingle GK, Bahadur AK, Ramteke VK, Singh MM, Garg S, et al. Breast cancer among women in Delhi. Indian J Cancer 2009;46:132-8. Back to cited text no. 18
10. Rama, Lodha S., Nandeshwar Sunil, and K. D. Pal. "RISK OF BREAST CANCER IN OBESE WOMEN: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY." National Journal 1.2 (2010): 166.
11. Joseph, Djenaba A., et al. "Prevalence of colorectal cancer screening among adults—behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2010." MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61.Suppl (2012): 51-56.
12. Alwan N. Breast cancer: Demographic characteristics and clinico-pathological presentation of patients in Iraq. Eastern Mediterranean health journal (2010). 16 (11).
13. Lafta RK, Saeed EQ, Isa S A. Risk Factors of Breast Cancer among Women (A Sample from Baghdad). Iraqi J. Comm. Med., 2013 ;26(1):1-6.
14. Ghiasvand R, Maram Er S, Tahmasebi3S and Tabatabaee S H.Risk factors for breast cancer among young women in Southern Iran. Int. J. Cancer: (2011) ; 129: 1443–1449
15. Essiben F, Foumane P, Meka ENU, Soh PS, Sama,JD Osogo E, Mboudou1 ET. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study of 315 Women Followed in the Gynecology and Oncology Departments of Two University Teaching Hospitals in Yaounde, Cameroon. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2016; 6(12): 676-688
16. Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kumar V (2001) Pocket companion: patholog¬ic basis of disease. (2nd edn), Philadelphia, USA.
17. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2002) IARC hand-books of cancer prevention. Weight control and physical activity. Vol 6, IARC Press, France. ]
18. Altaha M. A. and Al-ani. Reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer. Al anbar Medical journal 2013;11 (1):17-26.]
19. Nkondjock, A. and Ghadirian, P. (2005) [Risk Factors and Risk Reduction of Breast Cancer].Medecine Sciences , 21, 175-180. (In French)
20. Alwan Nada A. S.. Family History among Iraqi Patients Diagnosed with Breast Cancer. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 2017; 6(2): 869-873.
21. Butt Z, Shahbaz U.,2 Naseem T.,3 Ashfaq U.,Khan U. A., Khan M. R., Hashmim A. T.,et al .Reproductive Risk Factors for Female Breast Cancer: A Case – Control Study. ANNALS 2009; 15(4): 206-210.
22. Mahouri K,Zahedani D,Zare S. Breast cancer risk factors in south of Islamic Republic of Iran: a case-control study.East Mediterr Health J 2007 ;13(6):1265-73.
23. Graham AC, Heather JB, Rulla MT. Breast cancer. In: David S, Joseph FF ed. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.; 2006:995–1012.
24. Enas Jawad Sahan, Ali Yakub Majid, Ahmad Sa,adi Hassan . Evaluation of Estradiol and Prolactin Serum Levels "In Premenopausal; and Postmenopausal" Women with ((Breast Cancer)) In Baghdad City. Iraqi National Journal of Nursing Specialties2017; 30 (2):111-117.
25. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 1997; 350(9084):1047-59.
26. Fatima Zahra Laamiri1, Abdellatif Bouayad2, Nadia Hasswane3, Samir Ahid4, Mustapha Mrabet1, Barkat Amina1.Risk Factors for Breast Cancer of Different Age Groups: Moroccan Data?. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015, 5, 79-87.
27. Khalis M, Charbotel B, Chajès V, Rinaldi S, Moskal A, Biessy C, et al. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer: A case-control study in the Fez region, Morocco. PLoS ONE (2018); 13(1): e0191333.
28. Suha Jaryan Jaleel AL-Ramahi. Atheer Jawad A.A. AL-Saffar. Breast Cancer Risk Factors among Iraqi Women from Baghdad/Iraq 2012. Thesis submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for the second part of the Arab Board in Community Medicine 2013:37.
29. Bahir BH, Al-Naqeeb AA., Niazy SM. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in a Sample of Women. Iraqi J. Comm. Med.2012 ; 25: 4-8.
30. Wang QS, Ross R, Yu MC, Ning JP, Henderson BE, Kimn HT. A case–control study of breast cancer in Tianjin, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1992;1:435–9.
31. Kumle M, Weiderpass E, Braaten T, Persson I, Adami HO, Lund E. Use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk: the Norwegian- Swedish women’s lifestyle and health cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002; 11(11):1375–81.
32. Norsa adah, B., et al. "Risk factors of breast cancer in women in Kelantan, Malaysia." Singapore medical journal 46.12 (2005): 698.
33. Balekouzou A4, Yin P, Pamatika CM, Bekolo C E, NambeS W, Djeintote M, et al .Reproductive risk factors associated with breast cancer in women in Bangui: a case–control study Balekouzou et al. BMC Women's Health (2017) 17:14
34. Terry, Kathryn L., et al. "Menstrual cycle characteristics and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer." Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 14.6 (2005): 1509-1513.
35. Grabrick DM, Vierkant RA, Anderson KE, et al. Association of correlates of endogenous hormonal exposure with breast cancer risk in 426 families (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:333– 41.
36. Gao YT, Shu XO, Dai Q, et al. Association of menstrual and reproductive factors with breast cancer risk: results from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Int J Cancer 2000;87:295–300. [PubMed: 10861490]
37. Clavel-Chapelon F. Cumulative number of menstrual cycles and breast cancer risk: results from the E3N cohort study of French women. Cancer Causes Control 2002;13:831–8.
38. den Tonkelaar I, de Waard F. Regularity and length of menstrual cycles in women aged 41-46 in relation to breast cancer risk: results from the DOM-project. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1996;38:253– 8.
39. Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Pike MC, et al. Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Br J Cancer 1996;73:680–6.
40. Parazzini F, La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Tozzi L. Lifelong menstrual patterns and risk of breast cancer. Oncology 1993;1993:222–50.
41. Titus-Ernstoff L, Longnecker MP, Newcomb PA, et al. Menstrual factors in relation to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1998;7:783–9.
42. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (2001) Familial Breast Cancer: Collaborative Reanalysis of Data from 52 Epidemiological Studies of 58209 Women with Breast Cancer and 101986 Women without the Disease. The Lancet, 358, 1389-1399.
43. Brewer, Hannah R., et al. "Family history and risk of breast cancer: an analysis accounting for family structure." Breast cancer research and treatment 165.1 (2017): 193-200.
44. Ford D, Easton D F, Peto J. Estimates of the gene frequency of BRCA1 and its contribution to breast and ovarian cancer incidence.Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Dec;57(6):1457-62.
