The application of salivary gland scintigraphy in quantitative analysis of xerostomia as a frequent salivary gland dysfunction: A review article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v5i4.636Keywords:
Salivary Glands, Xerostomia, salivary gland dysfunction, ReviewAbstract
Salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) that known as the most frequent non-invasive imaging test could be used for distinguishing dysfunction of salivary gland in patients who suffer from Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) or/and in patients with thyroid cancer after applying radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. One of the main side effects of salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), and also radiation therapy in patients who suffer from neck and head cancers is oral dryness that called xerostomia. Anyway, comprehensive futuristic information around conversions in function of salivary gland after SGS are rare. Accordingly, the initial purpose of this study was to distinguish the side effects of SGS on motivated flow rate of oral saliva. As a result, patients after being treated may experience correlated syndromes like xerostomia that could cause oral dryness, sore throat, dental decay, variation in voice quality, bad functions of swallowing and chewing and also altered taste. In this comprehensive study the author tried to review the published studies characterizing SGS technique in patients who suffer from xerostomia and also aimed to discuss around progresses made in the treatment of this disorder. Additionally, for determining the ability of undertaking salivary gland scintigraphy for evaluation of salivary gland health in patients who suffer from xerostomia disorder, some new methods should be develop.
References
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[32]. Chambers MS, Posner M, Jones CU, et al. Cevimeline for the treatment of postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. 2007. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 68: 1102-1109.
[33]. Almeida JP, Kowalski LP. Pilocarpine used to treat xerostomia in patients submitted to radioactive iodine therapy: a pilot study. 2010. Braz J Otorhinolarynol; 76: 659-662
[34]. Cho JH, Chung WK, Kang W, et al. Manual acupuncture improved quality of life in cancer patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. 2008. J Altern Complement Med; 14: 523-526.
[35]. Schiff E, Mogilner JG, Sella E, et al. Hypnosis for postradiation xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a pilot study. 2009. J Pain Symptom Manage; 37: 1086-1092.
[36]. Cheng CQ, Xu H, Liu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016. J Am Dent Assoc; 147: 236-243.
[37]. Lovelace TL, Fox NF, Sood AJ, et al. Management of radiotherapy-induced salivary hypofunction and consequent xerostomia in patients with oral or head and neck cancer: meta-analysis and literature review. 2014. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol; 117: 595-607.
[38]. O’Sullivan EM, Higginson IJ. Clinical effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of irradiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review. 2010. Acupunct Med;28:191-199.
[39]. Mamais C, Dias A, Walker J, et al. Parotid actinomycosis mimicking metastatic lymphadenopathy. West Indian Med J. 2011; 60:349-350
[40]. Teymoortash A, Muller F, Juricko J, et al. Botulinum toxin prevents radiotherapy-induced salivary gland damage. 2009. Oral Oncol;45:737-739.
[41]. Aghemo A, Rumi MG, Monico S, et al. Ribavirin impairs salivary gland function during combination treatment with pegylated interferon alfa-2a in hepatitis C patients. 2011. Hepat Mon; 11:918-924
[42]. Sanchez-Pablo MA, Gonzalez-Garcia V, del Castillo-Rueda A. Study of total stimulated saliva flow and hyperpigmentation in the oral mucosa of patients diagnosed with hereditary hemochromatosis. Series of 25 cases. 2012. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal;17: e45-49.
[43]. Teguh DN, Levendag PC, Noever I, et al. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy for reducing radiotherapy side effects: Early results of a randomized trial in oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer. 2009. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 75:711-716.
[44]. Wick JY. Xerostomia: causes and treatment. 2007. Consult Pharm; 22:985-992
[45]. Turner MD. Hyposalivation and xerostomia: Etiology, Complications, and Medical management. 2016. Dent Clin N Am; 60:435-443.
[46]. Pinheiro A, Marcenes W, Zakrzewska JM, et al. Dental and oral lesions in HIV infected patients: A study in Brazil. 2004. Int Dent J; 54:131-137.
[47]. Hammerlid E, Taft C. Health-related quality of life in long-term head and neck cancer survivors: a comparison with general population norms. 2001. Br J Cancer;84(2):149e156.
[48]. Rosenbluth BD, Serrano V, Happersett L, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of nonanaplastic thyroid cancer. 2005. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63:1419–1426.
[49]. Kam MK, Leung SF, Zee B, et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. 2007. J Clin Oncol 25:4873–4879
[50]. Dugonji S, Ajdinovi B, Stefanovi D, Jaukovi L. Diagnostic validity of dynamic salivary gland scintigraphy with ascorbic acid stimulation in patients with Sjoegren’s syndrome: comparation with unstimulated whole sialometry. 2008. Vojnosanitetski pregled;65:41–6
[51]. Vinagre F, Santos A, Santos M, et al. Salivary gland scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with sicca complaints. 2008. Acta Reumatolìgica Portuguesa; 33:422–8.
[52]. Loutfi I, Nair MK, Ebrahim AK. Salivary gland scintigraphy: the use of semiquantitative analysis for uptake and clearance. 2003. J Nucl Med Technol;31:81–5
[53]. Hsiung CY, Ting HM, Huang HY, et al. Parotid-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preserved parotid function after IMRT on quantitative salivary scintigraphy, and comparison with historical data after conventional radiotherapy. 2006. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66:454–461
[54]. Bagesund M, Richter S, Agren B, Dahllöf G. Correlation between quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy and salivary secretion rates in children and young adults treated for hematological, malignant and metabolic diseases. 2000. Dentomaxillofac Radiol;29:264–71.
[55]. Henriksen AM, Nossent HC. Quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy can distinguish patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome during the evaluation of sicca symptoms. 2007. Clin Rheumatol; 26:1837–41.
[56]. Schall GL, Anderson LG, Wolf RO, et al. Xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome: evaluation by sequential scintigraphy. 1971 JAMA; 216:2109–16.
[57]. SHIBOSKI CH, SHIBOSKI SC, SEROR R et al.: 2016 American College of Rheumatology/ European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome A consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts. 2017. Ann Rheum Dis; 76: 9-16.
[58]. Ramos-Casals M, Tzioufas AG, Font J. Primary Sjögren's syndrome: new clinical and therapeutic concepts. 2005. Ann Rheum Dis; 64:347.
[59]. Adams BK, Al Attia HM, Parkar S. Salivary gland scintigraphy in Sjögren's syndrome: are quantitative indices the answer? 2003. Nucl Med Commun; 24:1011–6.
[60]. Aung W, Yamada I, Umehara I, et al. Sjögren’s syndrome: comparison of assessments with quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy and contrast sialography. 2000 J Nucl Med; 41:257-62.
[61]. Chung MK, Kim DH, Ahn YC, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin C/E complex for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. 2016. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 155: 423-430.
[62]. Demangeat R, Didon-Poncelet A, Cherfan J, Demangeat J-L. Stimulated salivary pertechnetate clearance revised: correlation with dynamic scintigraphic indices in sicca syndrome. 2000. Clin Nucl Med; 25:888–94
[63]. Aung W, Murata Y, Ishida R, et al. Study of quantitative oral radioactivity in salivary gland scintigraphy and determination of the clinical stage of Sjögren's syndrome. 2001. J Nucl Med; 42:38–43.
[64]. Hermann GA, Vivino FB. Abnormal scintigraphic patterns of uptake and secretion in Sjögren's syndrome. 2000. Arthritis Rheum;43: S306.
[02]. Dirix P, Nuyts S, Poorten VV, et al. The influence of xerostomia after radiotherapy on quality of life. Results of a questionnaire in head and neck cancer. 2008. Support Care Cancer; 16: 171-179.
[03]. Mortazavi H, Baharvand M, Movahhedian A, et al. Xerostomia due to systemic disease: A review of 20 conditions and mechanisms. 2014. Ann Med Health Sci Res; 4:503-510.
[04]. Villa A, Polimeni A, Strohmenger L, et al. Dental patients’ self-reports of xerostomia and associated risk factors. 2011. J Am Dent Assoc;142: 811-816
[05]. Napenas JJ, Brennan MT, Fox PC: Diagnosis and treatment of xerostomia (dry mouth). 2009. Odontology; 97: 76-83.
[06]. Porter SR, Fedele S, Habbab KM: Xerostomia in head and neck malignancy. 2010. Oral Oncol; 46: 460-463
[07]. Pinna R, Campus G, Cumbo E, Mura I, Milia E: Xerostomia induced by radiotherapy: an overview of the physiopathology, clinical evidence, and management of the oral damage. 2015. Ther Clin Risk Manag; 11: 171-188
[08]. Tanasiewicz M, Hildebrandt T, Obersztyn I: Xerostomia of various etiologies: a review of the literature. 2016. Adv Clin Exp Med; 25: 199-206.
[09]. Berk L: Systemic pilocarpine for treatment of xerostomia. 2008. Expert Opin Drug Metabol Toxicol; 4: 1333-1340.
[10]. Caglar M, Tuncel M, Alpar R. Scintigraphic evaluation of salivary gland dysfunction in patients with thyroid cancer after radioiodine treatment. 2002. Clin Nucl Med; 27:767–71.
[11]. Manthorpe R. Sjogren’s syndrome criteria. 2002. Ann Rheum Dis; 61:482–4.
[12]. Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, et al. Classification criteria for Sjogren’s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the AmericanEuropean Consensus Group. 2002. Ann Rheum Dis; 61:554–8
[13]. Solans R, Bosch JA, Galofre P, et al. Salivary and lacrimal gland dysfunction (sicca syndrome) after radioiodine therapy. 2001. J Nucl Med; 42:738–43
[14]. Nishiyama S, Miyawaki S, Yoshinaga Y. A study to standardize quantitative evaluation of parotid gland scintigraphy in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. 2006. J Rheumatol; 33:2470–4.
[15]. Burlage FR, Coppes RP, Meertens H, et al. Parotid and submandibular/sublingual salivary flow during high dose radiotherapy. 2001. Radiother Oncol; 61: 271-274.
[16]. Murdoch-Kinch CA, Kim HM, Vineberg KA, et al. Dose-effect relationships for the submandibular salivary glands and implications for their sparing by intensity modulated radiotherapy. 2008. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 72: 373-382.
[17]. Ortholan C, Chamorey E, Benezery K, et al. Modeling of salivary production recovery after radiotherapy using mixed models: determination of optimal dose constraint for IMRT planning and construction of convenient tools to predict salivary function. 2009. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 73: 178-186
[18]. Jensen SB, Pedersen AM, Vissink A, et al.: A systematic review of salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia induced by cancer therapies: management strategies and economic impact. 2010. Support Care Cancer; 18:1061-1079
[19]. Meng Z, Garcia MK, Hu C, Chiang J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. 2012. Cancer; 118: 3337-3344.
[20]. Nevens D, Nuyts S. The role of stem cells in the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. 2016. Cancer Med; 5: 1147-1153
[21]. Kaae JK, Stenfeldt L, Erriksen JG: Xerostomia after radiotherapy for oral andoropharyngeal cancer: increasing salivary flow with tasteless sugarfree chewing gum. 2016. Front Oncol; 6:111.
[22]. Spiegelberg L, Djasim UM, van Neck HW, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the management of radiation-induced injury in the head and neck region: a review of the literature. 2010. J Oral Maxillofac Surg; 68: 1732-1739
[23]. Alimi D. Xerostomia induced by radiotherapy. 2015. Therap Clin Risk Manag; 1149-1152
[24]. Rieger J, Seikaly H, Jha N, et al. Submandibular gland transfer for prevention of xerostomia after radiation therapy: swallowing outcomes. 2005. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 131: 140-145
[25]. Zhuang L, Yang Z, Zeng X, et al. The preventive and therapeutic effect of acupuncture for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. 2013. Integr Cancer Ther; 12: 197-205.
[26]. Al-Qahtani K, Hier MP, Sultanum K, Black MJ: The role of submandibular salivary gland transfers in preventing xerostomia in the chemoradiotherapy patient. 2006. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod; 101: 753-756.
[27]. Jha N, Harris J, Seikaly H, et al: A phase II study of submandibular gland transfer prior to radiation for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia in head-and-neck cancer (RTOG 0244). 2012. Int J Radiat Biol Phys; 84: 437-442.
[28]. Veerasarn V, Phromratanapongse P, Suntornpong N, et al: Effect of Amifostine to prevent radiotherapy-induced acute and late toxicity in head and neck cancer patients who had normal or mild impaired salivary gland function. 2006. J Med Assoc Thai; 89: 2056-2067.
[29]. Anne PR, Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, Brizel DM, Morrison WH. et al: A Phase II trial of subcutaneous amifostine and radiation therapy in patients with head-and-neck cancer. 2007. Int J Radiat Biol Phys; 67: 445-452.
[30]. Buntzel J, Glatzel M, Mucke R, et al. Influence of amifostine on late radiation-toxicity in head and neck cancer--a follow-up study. 2007. Anticancer Res; 27: 1953-1956
[31]. Law A, Kennedy T, Pellitteri P, et al. Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous amifostine in minimizing radiation-induced toxicities in patients receiving combined-modality treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. 2007. Int J Radiat Biol Phys; 69: 1361-1368.
[32]. Chambers MS, Posner M, Jones CU, et al. Cevimeline for the treatment of postirradiation xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. 2007. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 68: 1102-1109.
[33]. Almeida JP, Kowalski LP. Pilocarpine used to treat xerostomia in patients submitted to radioactive iodine therapy: a pilot study. 2010. Braz J Otorhinolarynol; 76: 659-662
[34]. Cho JH, Chung WK, Kang W, et al. Manual acupuncture improved quality of life in cancer patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. 2008. J Altern Complement Med; 14: 523-526.
[35]. Schiff E, Mogilner JG, Sella E, et al. Hypnosis for postradiation xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients: a pilot study. 2009. J Pain Symptom Manage; 37: 1086-1092.
[36]. Cheng CQ, Xu H, Liu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of pilocarpine for radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2016. J Am Dent Assoc; 147: 236-243.
[37]. Lovelace TL, Fox NF, Sood AJ, et al. Management of radiotherapy-induced salivary hypofunction and consequent xerostomia in patients with oral or head and neck cancer: meta-analysis and literature review. 2014. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol; 117: 595-607.
[38]. O’Sullivan EM, Higginson IJ. Clinical effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of irradiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review. 2010. Acupunct Med;28:191-199.
[39]. Mamais C, Dias A, Walker J, et al. Parotid actinomycosis mimicking metastatic lymphadenopathy. West Indian Med J. 2011; 60:349-350
[40]. Teymoortash A, Muller F, Juricko J, et al. Botulinum toxin prevents radiotherapy-induced salivary gland damage. 2009. Oral Oncol;45:737-739.
[41]. Aghemo A, Rumi MG, Monico S, et al. Ribavirin impairs salivary gland function during combination treatment with pegylated interferon alfa-2a in hepatitis C patients. 2011. Hepat Mon; 11:918-924
[42]. Sanchez-Pablo MA, Gonzalez-Garcia V, del Castillo-Rueda A. Study of total stimulated saliva flow and hyperpigmentation in the oral mucosa of patients diagnosed with hereditary hemochromatosis. Series of 25 cases. 2012. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal;17: e45-49.
[43]. Teguh DN, Levendag PC, Noever I, et al. Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy for reducing radiotherapy side effects: Early results of a randomized trial in oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer. 2009. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys; 75:711-716.
[44]. Wick JY. Xerostomia: causes and treatment. 2007. Consult Pharm; 22:985-992
[45]. Turner MD. Hyposalivation and xerostomia: Etiology, Complications, and Medical management. 2016. Dent Clin N Am; 60:435-443.
[46]. Pinheiro A, Marcenes W, Zakrzewska JM, et al. Dental and oral lesions in HIV infected patients: A study in Brazil. 2004. Int Dent J; 54:131-137.
[47]. Hammerlid E, Taft C. Health-related quality of life in long-term head and neck cancer survivors: a comparison with general population norms. 2001. Br J Cancer;84(2):149e156.
[48]. Rosenbluth BD, Serrano V, Happersett L, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for the treatment of nonanaplastic thyroid cancer. 2005. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63:1419–1426.
[49]. Kam MK, Leung SF, Zee B, et al. Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. 2007. J Clin Oncol 25:4873–4879
[50]. Dugonji S, Ajdinovi B, Stefanovi D, Jaukovi L. Diagnostic validity of dynamic salivary gland scintigraphy with ascorbic acid stimulation in patients with Sjoegren’s syndrome: comparation with unstimulated whole sialometry. 2008. Vojnosanitetski pregled;65:41–6
[51]. Vinagre F, Santos A, Santos M, et al. Salivary gland scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with sicca complaints. 2008. Acta Reumatolìgica Portuguesa; 33:422–8.
[52]. Loutfi I, Nair MK, Ebrahim AK. Salivary gland scintigraphy: the use of semiquantitative analysis for uptake and clearance. 2003. J Nucl Med Technol;31:81–5
[53]. Hsiung CY, Ting HM, Huang HY, et al. Parotid-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: preserved parotid function after IMRT on quantitative salivary scintigraphy, and comparison with historical data after conventional radiotherapy. 2006. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66:454–461
[54]. Bagesund M, Richter S, Agren B, Dahllöf G. Correlation between quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy and salivary secretion rates in children and young adults treated for hematological, malignant and metabolic diseases. 2000. Dentomaxillofac Radiol;29:264–71.
[55]. Henriksen AM, Nossent HC. Quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy can distinguish patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome during the evaluation of sicca symptoms. 2007. Clin Rheumatol; 26:1837–41.
[56]. Schall GL, Anderson LG, Wolf RO, et al. Xerostomia in Sjögren's syndrome: evaluation by sequential scintigraphy. 1971 JAMA; 216:2109–16.
[57]. SHIBOSKI CH, SHIBOSKI SC, SEROR R et al.: 2016 American College of Rheumatology/ European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome A consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts. 2017. Ann Rheum Dis; 76: 9-16.
[58]. Ramos-Casals M, Tzioufas AG, Font J. Primary Sjögren's syndrome: new clinical and therapeutic concepts. 2005. Ann Rheum Dis; 64:347.
[59]. Adams BK, Al Attia HM, Parkar S. Salivary gland scintigraphy in Sjögren's syndrome: are quantitative indices the answer? 2003. Nucl Med Commun; 24:1011–6.
[60]. Aung W, Yamada I, Umehara I, et al. Sjögren’s syndrome: comparison of assessments with quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy and contrast sialography. 2000 J Nucl Med; 41:257-62.
[61]. Chung MK, Kim DH, Ahn YC, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin C/E complex for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. 2016. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg; 155: 423-430.
[62]. Demangeat R, Didon-Poncelet A, Cherfan J, Demangeat J-L. Stimulated salivary pertechnetate clearance revised: correlation with dynamic scintigraphic indices in sicca syndrome. 2000. Clin Nucl Med; 25:888–94
[63]. Aung W, Murata Y, Ishida R, et al. Study of quantitative oral radioactivity in salivary gland scintigraphy and determination of the clinical stage of Sjögren's syndrome. 2001. J Nucl Med; 42:38–43.
[64]. Hermann GA, Vivino FB. Abnormal scintigraphic patterns of uptake and secretion in Sjögren's syndrome. 2000. Arthritis Rheum;43: S306.
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Published
2019-08-26
How to Cite
Kaviani, H., & Khayamzadeh, M. (2019). The application of salivary gland scintigraphy in quantitative analysis of xerostomia as a frequent salivary gland dysfunction: A review article. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 5(4), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v5i4.636
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