Prevalence of HIV among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Erbil Governorate, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v7i2.955Keywords:
HIV prevalence, Tuberculosis, Erbil, Socio demographic determinants, Rifampicin resistanceAbstract
Objectives: This study was accomplished with a purpose to determine the socio-demographic profile and the prevalence of HIV among TB patients.
Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at the Chest and Respiratory Disease Specialized Centre in Erbil City (In collaboration with the Specialist physician) through a period from January 2017 to December 2019. New TB patients were interviewed on a predesigned questionnaire. Collected samples were processed in a special laboratory in TB center. The samples were subjected to microscopy with Ziehl–Neelsen staining and inoculated on solid medium; the third sputum sample was tested directly by GeneXpert test. HIV testing was done using screening test and if the screening result was positive, the diagnosis was confirmed by Western Blot.
Results: A total of 397 approved new tuberculosis patients underwent HIV testing. Among them, forty one cases 41 (10.3%) were found to be positive on ELISA screening and subsequently they were all confirmed by the Western Blot test. The highest prevalence of HIV positivity according to gender, age range and occupation, were as follows : male (29 ; 70.7%) , 30-42 years ( 21 ; 51.2%) , laborers ( 13; 31.7%) respectively . The male to female ration is 2.7 statistically, the differences of distribution of the HIV positivity concerning the above‑mentioned demography were as follows: gender: significant (P ≤ 0.05), age range: no significant, occupation: no significant. The highest prevalence of HIV positivity was among pulmonary TB ( 25 ; 61% ) .Rifampicin resistant prevalence was higher among HIV positive in comparison to HIV negative TB case ( 23 ; 56.1% ) (134 ; 37.4%) respectively . Statistically, the differences of distribution of the HIV positivity in relation to both TB pattern & rifampicin mono drug resistant were significant (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV infection in TB patients in current study was (10.3%). If HIV testing done by all TB patients then routine reporting of HIV status for all TB patients would provide even better information on which to base future planning.
References
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33- Jaiswal RK, Srivastav S and Mahajan H. Socio demographic profile of TB-HIV coinfected patients in Bundelkhand region,Uttar-Pradesh. Nat Jn Med Research 2012; 2(2):149-151.
34- Soyam VC, Das J, Rajeeva TC, Boro P, Kohli C. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of HIV among Tuberculosis patients of DOTS centre in Delhi. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016;7(1):53-8.
35- Chandra NM, Babu RA, Prasad DTS, Devulapalli M, Banu SSK, Avanthi B, et al.
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39- Dahiya N, Bachani D, Das R, Rasania SK. Socio-demographic and clinical profile of HIV positive patients attending integrated counseling and testing center of a primary health centre in Delhi. SAARC J Tuber Lung Dis HIV/AIDS 2017;15:22-26 .
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41- Leeds IL, Magee MJ, Kurbatova EV, del Rio C, Blumberg HM, Leonard MK, Kraft CS. Site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is associated with HIV infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012 Jul 1;55(1):75-81.
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43- van den Hof S, Tursynbayeva A, Abildaev T, Adenov M, Pak S, Ismailov S. HIV and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: overlapping risk factors. European Respiratory Journal. 2015 Feb 1;45(2):567-9.
44- Adetunji SO, Donbraye E, Ekong MJ. HIV infection among rifampicin resistant tuberculosis patients in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. World J. Med. Sci. 2018;15(4):139-43.
45- Singh A, Prasad R, Balasubramanian V, Gupta N. Drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV infection: current perspectives. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ). 2020;12:9.
46- Saldanha N, Runwal K, Ghanekar C, Gaikwad S, Sane S, Pujari S. High prevalence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis in people living with HIV in Western India. BMC infectious diseases. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-6.
47- Baluku JB, Mugabe P, Mulwana R, Nassozi S, Katuramu R, Worodria W. High Prevalence of Rifampicin Resistance Associated with Rural Residence and Very Low Bacillary Load among TB/HIV-Coinfected Patients at the National Tuberculosis Treatment Center in Uganda. BioMed Research International. 2020 Jul 25;2020.
48- Albujeer AN, Shamshiri AR, Taher A. HIV/AIDS awareness among Iraqi medical and dental students. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2015 Sep;5(5):372.
2- World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2020: executive summary..
3- Sharan R, BucÅŸan AN, Ganatra S, Paiardini M, Mohan M, Mehra S, Khader SA, Kaushal D. Chronic immune activation in TB/HIV co-infection. Trends in microbiology. 2020 Apr 22..
4- Al-Salihy SR, Enad OM. Knowledge and attitude of health care workers in Baquba Teaching Hospital toward HIV/AIDS infection. Iraqi Journal of Public Health. 2017 Sep 20;1(2):42-6.
5- Wong K, Nguyen J, Blair L, Banjanin M, Grewal B, Bowman S, Boyd H, Gerstner G, Cho HJ, Panfilov D, Tam CK. Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-Infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020 Nov;9(11):3575.
6- Melgar M, Nichols C, Cavanaugh JS, Kirking HL, Surie D, Date A, Ahmedov S, Maloney S, Fukunaga R, Offices’Tuberculosis CC, Advisors HI. Tuberculosis preventive treatment scale-up among antiretroviral therapy patients—16 countries supported by the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 2017–2019. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020 Mar 27;69(12):329.
7- Sterling TR, Njie G, Zenner D, Cohn DL, Reves R, Ahmed A, Menzies D, Horsburgh Jr CR, Crane CM, Burgos M, LoBue P. Guidelines for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection: recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2020: 1196- 1206 .
8- Bares SH, Swindells S. Latent Tuberculosis and HIV Infection. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 2020 Jul;22:1-8.
9- Letang E, Ellis J, Naidoo K, Casas EC, Sánchez P, Hassan-Moosa R, Cresswell F, Miró JM, GarcÃa-Basteiro AL. Tuberculosis-HIV co-infection: Progress and challenges after two decades of global antiretroviral treatment roll-out. Archivos de bronconeumologia. 2020 Jan 10.
10- Ganatra SR, BucÅŸan AN, Alvarez X, Kumar S, Chatterjee A, Quezada M, Fish A, Singh DK, Singh B, Sharan R, Lee TH. Antiretroviral therapy does not reduce tuberculosis reactivation in a tuberculosis-HIV coinfection model. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2020 Aug 24;130(10).
11- Canetti D, Riccardi N, Martini M, Villa S, Di Biagio A, Codecasa L, Castagna A, Barberis I, Gazzaniga V, Besozzi G. HIV and tuberculosis: The paradox of dual illnesses and the challenges of their fighting in the history. Tuberculosis. 2020 May 1;122:101921.
12- Maher D, Watt CJ, Williams BG, Raviglione M, Dye C. Tuberculosis deaths in countries with high HIV prevalence: what is their use as an indicator in tuberculosis programme monitoring and epidemiological surveillance?[Unresolved Issues]. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2005 Feb 1;9(2):123-7.
13- Steingart KR, Ng V, Henry M, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, Cunningham J, Urbanczik R, Perkins MD, Aziz MA, Pai M. Sputum processing methods to improve the sensitivity of smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2006 Oct 1;6(10):664-74.
14- Steingart KR, Henry M, Ng V, Hopewell PC, Ramsay A, Cunningham J, Urbanczik R, Perkins M, Aziz MA, Pai M. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis: a systematic review. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2006 Sep 1;6(9):570-81.
15- World Health Organization. Rapid implementation of the Xpert MTB/RIF diagnostic test: technical and operational 'How-to'; practical considerations. World Health Organization; 2011.
16- Channa AA, Jameel N, Khalil R. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among the diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016 Mar;4(3):789.
17- Pourakbari B, Mamishi S, Banar M, Keshtkar AA, Mahmoudi S. Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Ig. 2019 Jul 1;31(4):333-48.
18- Kamath R, Sharma V, Pattanshetty S, Hegde MB, Chandrasekaran V. HIV-TB coinfection: Clinico-epidemiological determinants at an antiretroviral therapy center in Southern India. Lung India: official organ of Indian Chest Society. 2013 Oct;30(4):302.
19- Belay M, Bjune G, Abebe F. Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV, and TB-HIV co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis suspects in a predominantly pastoralist area, northeast Ethiopia. Global health action. 2015 Dec 1;8(1):27949.
20- van der Werf MJ, Ködmön C, Zucs P, Hollo V, Amato-Gauci AJ, Pharris A. Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection in Europe: looking at one reality from two angles. AIDS (London, England). 2016 Nov 28;30(18):2845.
21- Gao J, Zheng P, Fu H. Prevalence of TB/HIV co-infection in countries except China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2013 May 31;8(5):e64915.
22- Manjareeka M, Nanda S. Prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Eastern India. Journal of infection and public health. 2013 Oct 1;6(5):358-62.
23- e Silva HO, Gonçalves ML. Prevalence of HIV infection in tuberculosis patients treated at primary health care clinics in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(3):382-5.
24- Thanh DH, Sy DN, Linh ND, Hoan TM, Dien HT, Thuy TB, Hoa NP, Tung LB, Cobelens F. HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Vietnam: prevalence and impact on tuberculosis notification rates. The International journal of tuberculosis and lung disease. 2010 Aug 1;14(8):986-93.
25- Abdallah TM, Siddig MF, Ali AA. Seroprevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Kassala, eastern Sudan. Journal of AIDS and HIV Research. 2011 Aug 31;3(8):161-3.
26- Mitku AA, Dessie ZG, Muluneh EK, Workie DL. Prevalence and associated factors of TB/HIV co-infection among HIV Infected patients in Amhara region, Ethiopia. African health sciences. 2016 Jul 1;16(2):588-95.
27- Pennap G, Makpa S, Ogbu S. Sero-prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in a rural tuberculosis referral clinic in northern Nigeria. Pan African Medical Jour-nal 2010;5:22.
28- Baluku JB, Anguzu G, Nassozi S, Babirye F, Namiiro S, Buyungo R, Sempiira M, Wasswa A, Mulwana R, Ntambi S, Worodria W. Prevalence of HIV infection and bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis among individuals found at bars in Kampala slums, Uganda. Scientific Reports. 2020 Aug 10;10(1):1-9.
29- Jain SK, Aggarwal JK, Rajpal S, Baveja U. Prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in Delhi — A sentinel surveillance study. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis2000;47:21—6.
30- Fiebig L, Kollan C, Hauer B, Gunsenheimer-Bartmeyer B, an der Heiden M, Hamouda O, Haas W. HIV-prevalence in tuberculosis patients in Germany, 2002–2009: an estimation based on HIV and tuberculosis surveillance data. PloS one. 2012 Nov 7;7(11):e49111.
31- Tavares AM, Fronteira I, Couto I, Machado D, Viveiros M, Abecasis AB, Dias S. HIV and tuberculosis co-infection among migrants in Europe: A systematic review on the prevalence, incidence and mortality. PloS one. 2017 Sep 28;12(9):e0185526.
32- Hiatt T, Nishikiori N. Epidemiology and control of tuberculosis in the Western Pacific Region: analysis of 2012 case notification data. Western Pacific surveillance and response journal: WPSAR. 2014 Jan;5(1):25.
33- Jaiswal RK, Srivastav S and Mahajan H. Socio demographic profile of TB-HIV coinfected patients in Bundelkhand region,Uttar-Pradesh. Nat Jn Med Research 2012; 2(2):149-151.
34- Soyam VC, Das J, Rajeeva TC, Boro P, Kohli C. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of HIV among Tuberculosis patients of DOTS centre in Delhi. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016;7(1):53-8.
35- Chandra NM, Babu RA, Prasad DTS, Devulapalli M, Banu SSK, Avanthi B, et al.
Epidemiological surveillance of tuberculosis among HIV/AIDS seropositive individuals attending ART center at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Int J Community Med Public Health 2017;4:2816-2824.
36- Olowe OA, Makanjuola OB, Adekami AS, Adefi oye OJ. Epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcome in a population of TB patients in South –Western Nigeria. European Journal of microbiology and immunity 2017; 2: 127-132.
37- Jha N, Khanal B, Karki PP, Rijal S, Deo BK, Khadka DK, Malla P. TB/HIV co-infection status among the newly diagnosed TB patients: A Study from Eastern Nepal. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and HIV/AIDS. 2008;5(2):22-5.
38- Ghimire P, Dhungana GR, Bam DS, Rijal BP. Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection status in United Mission Hospital, Tansen, Western Nepal. SAARC j Tuberculosis Lung Dise HIV/AIDS. 2004;1:32-7.
39- Dahiya N, Bachani D, Das R, Rasania SK. Socio-demographic and clinical profile of HIV positive patients attending integrated counseling and testing center of a primary health centre in Delhi. SAARC J Tuber Lung Dis HIV/AIDS 2017;15:22-26 .
40- Kavya S, Anuradha K, Venkatesha D. CD4 count evaluation in HIV-TB co infection before and after anti-tubercular treatment. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017;2(3):1031-4.
41- Leeds IL, Magee MJ, Kurbatova EV, del Rio C, Blumberg HM, Leonard MK, Kraft CS. Site of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is associated with HIV infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012 Jul 1;55(1):75-81.
42- Namme LH, Marie-Solange D, Hugo Bertrand MN, Elvis T, Achu JH, Christopher K. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis and HIV coinfection in patients treated for tuberculosis at the Douala General Hospital in Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2013;6:100-4.
43- van den Hof S, Tursynbayeva A, Abildaev T, Adenov M, Pak S, Ismailov S. HIV and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: overlapping risk factors. European Respiratory Journal. 2015 Feb 1;45(2):567-9.
44- Adetunji SO, Donbraye E, Ekong MJ. HIV infection among rifampicin resistant tuberculosis patients in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. World J. Med. Sci. 2018;15(4):139-43.
45- Singh A, Prasad R, Balasubramanian V, Gupta N. Drug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV infection: current perspectives. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ). 2020;12:9.
46- Saldanha N, Runwal K, Ghanekar C, Gaikwad S, Sane S, Pujari S. High prevalence of multi drug resistant tuberculosis in people living with HIV in Western India. BMC infectious diseases. 2019 Dec;19(1):1-6.
47- Baluku JB, Mugabe P, Mulwana R, Nassozi S, Katuramu R, Worodria W. High Prevalence of Rifampicin Resistance Associated with Rural Residence and Very Low Bacillary Load among TB/HIV-Coinfected Patients at the National Tuberculosis Treatment Center in Uganda. BioMed Research International. 2020 Jul 25;2020.
48- Albujeer AN, Shamshiri AR, Taher A. HIV/AIDS awareness among Iraqi medical and dental students. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry. 2015 Sep;5(5):372.
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2021-04-26
How to Cite
Al-Khayat, Z. A. Y., Agha, N. F. S., Majeed, P. D., Alharmni, K. I. F., & Agha, D. N. F. (2021). Prevalence of HIV among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Erbil Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 7(2), 102–107. https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v7i2.955
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