Epidemiological profile of type 1 diabetes among primary school children in Baghdad, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v6i1.690Keywords:
Type 1 diabetes, primary school children, prevalence, obesity, underweightAbstract
Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in primary school children in Baghdad City, and to evaluate its effect on growth of those children.
Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of primary schools in Baghdad city selected by multistage cluster sampling. All primary school students in the selected schools were included. For every diabetic child, we selected a child from the same class who is free from diabetes. Information on disease variables were obtained through sending questionnaire to the children’s parents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts were used.
Results: The total number of primary school students in the selected 141 schools was 69,115; 110 of them had T1DM (159/100,000). Female to male ratio was 1.3:1. Obesity and underweight were significantly lower in diabetics than non-diabetic children (P=0.03).
Conclusion: The prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus was 159 per 100,000, which was approximate to the prevalence in Saudi Arabia, less than that in Al-Kuwait, but higher than that in Turkey. Percentage of underweight and obesity were lower in the diabetics while overweight percentage was slightly higher compared to the non-diabetics.
References
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28. Sandhu Î, Witmans MB, Lemay J-F, Crawford S, Jadavji N, Pacaud D. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;21(7):631-40.
29. Phelan H, Clapin H, Bruns L, Cameron FJ, Cotterill AM, Couper JJ, et al. The Australasian Diabetes Data Network: first national audit of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Medical Journal of Australia. 2017;206(3):121-5.
30. Daneman D. Assessment of intakes of artificial sweeteners in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2004;28(2):00-.
31. Betts P, Mulligan J, Ward P, Smith B, Wilkin T. Increasing body weight predicts the earlier onset of insulinâ€dependant diabetes in childhood: testing the ‘accelerator hypothesis’(2). Diabetic medicine. 2005;22(2):144-51.
32. Delahanty LM, Halford BN. The role of diet behaviors in achieving improved glycemic control in intensively treated patients in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes care. 1993;16(11):1453-8.
33. Abd-Alrazak OM, Ghalib BA, Abduljabbar HA. Growth Indices among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes-Baghdad–Iraq, 2013. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine. 2014;56(3):258-63.
34. Cardwell C, Patterson C, Allen M, Carson D. Diabetes care provision and glycaemic control in Northern Ireland: a UK regional audit. Archives of disease in childhood. 2005;90(5):468-73.
2. Tuomilehto J. The emerging global epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Current diabetes reports. 2013;13(6):795-804.
3. Mamoulakis D, Galanakis E, Bicouvarakis S, Paraskakis E, Sbyrakis S. Epidemiology of childhood type I diabetes in Crete, 1990–2001. Acta Paediatrica. 2003;92(6):737-9.
4. Almahfoodh D, Alabbood M, Alali A, Mansour A. Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Basrah, Southern Iraq: A retrospective study. diabetes research and clinical practice. 2017;133:104-8.
5. AL-Rubaee RJ. Newly diagnosed type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Dhi-qar city (IRAQ) sociodemographic study.
6. Zayed H, Ouhtit A, El Bekay R. An Arab registry for type 1 diabetes: global benefits for type 1 diabetes patients. Current medical research and opinion. 2016;32(10):1681-4.
7. Levitsky LL, Misra M, Wolfsdorf J, Hoppin A. Complications and screening in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Up To Date. 2007;17(1).
8. Phillips SM, Shulman RJ, Motil K. Measurement of growth in children. UpToDate, Basow, DS (ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA. 2011.
9. Levitsky LL, Misra M. Epidemiology, presentation, and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. UpToDate Waltham, MA: UpToDate. 2007.
10. Ack M, Miller I, Weil WB. Intelligence of children with diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 1961;28(5):764-70.
11. Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL. Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care. 2014;37(7):2034-54.
12. Dabelea D. The accelerating epidemic of childhood diabetes. The Lancet. 2009;373(9680):1999-2000.
13. Moussa MA, Alsaeid M, Abdella N, Refai TM, Al-Sheikh N, Gomez JE. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes among 6-to 18-year-old Kuwaiti children. Medical Principles and Practice. 2005;14(2):87-91.
14. Al-Herbish AS, El-Mouzan MI, Al-Salloum AA, Al-Qurachi MM, Al-Omar AA. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents. Saudi medical journal. 2008;29(9):1285-8.
15. El-Ziny MAE-M, Salem NA-B, El-Hawary AK, Chalaby NM, Elsharkawy AA-E. Epidemiology of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Nile Delta, northern Egypt-a retrospective study. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology. 2014;6(1):9.
16. Akesen E, Turan S, Güran T, Atay Z, Save D, Bereket A. Prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in 6–18â€yrâ€old school children living in Istanbul, Turkey. Pediatric diabetes. 2011;12(6):567-71.
17. Abdullah MA. Epidemiology of type I diabetes mellitus among Arab children. Saudi medical journal. 2005;26(6):911-7.
18. Speight J, Browne JL, Holmes-Truscott E, Hendrieckx C, Pouwer F. Diabetes MILES-Australia (Management and Impact for Long-term Empowerment and Success): methods and sample characteristics of a national survey of the psychological aspects of living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Australian adults. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):120.
19. Kawasaki E, Eguchi K. Is type 1 diabetes in the Japanese population the same as among Caucasians? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004;1037(1):96-103.
20. Menke A, Orchard TJ, Imperatore G, Bullard KM, Mayer-Davis E, Cowie CC. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in the United States. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2013;24(5):773.
21. Anderson SG, Narayanan RP, Amlesh J, Qureshi MZ, Heald AH. Type 1 diabetes in Cheshire: cardiometabolic risk factor trends (2004–2009). Primary care diabetes. 2012;6(2):123-6.
22. Mayerâ€Davis EJ, Kahkoska AR, Jefferies C, Dabelea D, Balde N, Gong CX, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatric diabetes. 2018;19:7-19.
23. Parkkola A, Härkönen T, Ryhänen SJ, Ilonen J, Knip M, Register FPD. Extended family history of type 1 diabetes and phenotype and genotype of newly diagnosed children. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):348-54.
24. Gahagan S. Failure to Thrive: A Consequence of. Pediatrics in Review. 2006;27(1):e1-e11.
25. Munoz KA, Krebs-Smith SM, Ballard-Barbash R, Cleveland LE. Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations. Pediatrics. 1997;100(3):323-9.
26. Kant AK. Reported consumption of low-nutrient-density foods by American children and adolescents: nutritional and health correlates, NHANES III, 1988 to 1994. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine. 2003;157(8):789-96.
27. Yardim MS, Ozcebe H, Araz OM, Uner S, Li S, Unlu H, et al. Prevalence of childhood obesity and related parental factors in Ankara, Turkey. 2018.
28. Sandhu Î, Witmans MB, Lemay J-F, Crawford S, Jadavji N, Pacaud D. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008;21(7):631-40.
29. Phelan H, Clapin H, Bruns L, Cameron FJ, Cotterill AM, Couper JJ, et al. The Australasian Diabetes Data Network: first national audit of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Medical Journal of Australia. 2017;206(3):121-5.
30. Daneman D. Assessment of intakes of artificial sweeteners in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2004;28(2):00-.
31. Betts P, Mulligan J, Ward P, Smith B, Wilkin T. Increasing body weight predicts the earlier onset of insulinâ€dependant diabetes in childhood: testing the ‘accelerator hypothesis’(2). Diabetic medicine. 2005;22(2):144-51.
32. Delahanty LM, Halford BN. The role of diet behaviors in achieving improved glycemic control in intensively treated patients in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes care. 1993;16(11):1453-8.
33. Abd-Alrazak OM, Ghalib BA, Abduljabbar HA. Growth Indices among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes-Baghdad–Iraq, 2013. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine. 2014;56(3):258-63.
34. Cardwell C, Patterson C, Allen M, Carson D. Diabetes care provision and glycaemic control in Northern Ireland: a UK regional audit. Archives of disease in childhood. 2005;90(5):468-73.
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Published
2020-02-26
How to Cite
Zalzala, S. H., Al-Lami, F. H., & Fahad, K. S. (2020). Epidemiological profile of type 1 diabetes among primary school children in Baghdad, Iraq. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences, 6(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v6i1.690
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