Identifying Extremophilic Actinomycetes Effective Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens and Demonstrating High Enzyme Activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v11i3.1891Keywords:
Actinomycetes, Arid area, Enzyme production, Antibacterial activity.Abstract
Objective: This study focused on isolating actinomycetes from an unexplored arid region of Saudi Arabia.
Methods: Actinobacteria were isolated on starch nitrate agar and identified using molecular techniques. All isolated screened for antibacterial and enzyme activities.
Results: Twenty-two different isolates were obtained on starch nitrate agar. Identification via 16S rRNA sequencing showed that 86.4% belonged to the genus Streptomyces, with one isolate related to Lentzea albidocapillata. The actinomycetes were tested for enzyme production (amylase, protease, keratinase, gelatinase, chitinase, and lipase) and antibacterial activity against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli. Eight isolates exhibited antibacterial activity, with AL3 being effective against all tested Gram-positive bacteria and showing the largest inhibition zones. The crude extract from AL3 demonstrated strong activity against E. faecalis.
Conclusions: In conclusion, actinomycetes from extreme habitats can produce valuable antibiotics and enzymes, highlighting the potential for further bioprospecting in similar and unique ecological regions of Saudi Arabia.
References
Ofoedum, A.F., Uyanwa, N.C., Chikelu, E.C., Iroagba, L.N., Ugwoezuonu, J.N., Anaeke, E.J., Odeyemi, T., Okezie, F. and Nwuka, M.U (2024) Primary and secondary metabolites as products of microbial metabolism: uses and application in foods, pharmaceutical and allied industries, a review. European Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(2):4–16.
Subramani, R. and Aalbersberg, W. (2013). Culturable rare actinomycetes: diversity, isolation and marine natural product discovery. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 97: 9291–9321.
Aly, M.M., Bahamdain, L.A. and Aba, S.A. (2020). Unexplored Extreme Habitats as Sources of Novel and Rare Actinomycetes with Enzyme and Antimicrobial Activities. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci, 14 (6):45–54.
Sivalingam, P., Easwaran, M., Ganapathy, D., Basha, S.F (2024) Endophytic Streptomyces: an underexplored source with potential for novel natural drug discovery and development. Arch Microbiol, 206(11):442.
Mohammadipanah, F. and Wink, J. (2016). Actinobacteria from arid and desert habitats: diversity and biological activity. Front Microbiol, 6:Article 1541; 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01541.
Kurapova, A.I., Zenova, G.M., Sudnitsyn, I.I., Kizilova, A.K., Manucharova, N.A., Norovsuren, Zh. and Zvyagintsev, D.G. (2012). Thermotolerant and thermophilic actinomycetes from soils of Mongolia desert steppe zone. Microbiol, 81:98–108.
Santhanam, R., Okoro, C.K., Rong, X., Huang, Y., Bull, A.T., Andrews, B.A., Asenjo, J.A., Weon, H.Y. and Goodfellow, M. (2012a). Streptomyces deserti sp. nov., isolated from hyper-arid Atacama Desert soil. Antonie Leeuwenhoek, 101:575–581.
Santhanam, R., Rong, X., Huang, Y., Andrews, B.A., Asenjo, J.A. and Goodfellow, M. (2013). Streptomyces bullii sp. nov., isolated from a hyper-arid Atacama Desert soil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 103:367–373.
Istianto, Y., Koesoemowidodo, R.S.A., Saputra, H., Watanabe, Y., Pranamuda, H. and Marwoto, B. (2012). Application of phenol pretreatment for the isolation of rare actinomycetes from Indonesian soil. Microbiol (Indonesia), 6(1):42–47.
Al-Dhabi, N.A., Esmail, G.A., Duraipandiyan, V., Arasu, M.V. and Salem-Bekhit, M.M. (2016). Isolation, identification and screening of antimicrobial thermophilic Streptomyces sp. Al-Dhabi-1 isolated from Tharban hot spring, Saudi Arabia. Extremophiles, 20(1):79–90.
Shirling, E.B. and Gottlieb, D. (1966). Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int J Syst Bacteriol, 16:313–340.
Riddell, R.W. (1950). Permanent stained mycological preparations obtained by slide culture. Mycologia, 42:265–270.
Vishwanatha, B.T., Babu, K.G., Padmashri, P., Malagi, S.B., Dandin, C.J. and Nayaka, S. (2017). Isolation, identification and characterization of Streptomyces sp. SN-2. Biosci Biotech Res Asia,14(4).
Lane, D.J. (1991). 16S/23S rRNA sequencing, in: Stackebrandt, E. and Goodfellow, M. (eds) Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, p. 115–175, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Mohseni, M., Norouzi, H., Hamedi, J. and Roohi, A. (2013). Screening of antibacterial producing actinomycetes from sediments of the caspian sea. Int J Mol Cell Med, 2(2):64–71.
Das, S., Ward, L.R. and Burke, C. (2010). Screening of marine Streptomyces spp. for potential use as probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture, 305(1): 32–41.
Agrahari, S. and Wadhwa, N. (2010). Degradation of chicken feather a poultry waste product by keratinolytic bacteria isolate from dumping site at Ghazipur poultry processing plant. Int J Poult Sci, 9:482–489.
Ekpenyong, M., Asitok, A., Odey, A. and Antai, S. (2016). Production and activity kinetics of gelatinase by Serratia sp. SLO3. Nig J Biopestic, 1:70–82.
Kole, M.M., Draper, I. and Gerson, D.F. (1998). Production of Protease by Bacillus subtilis using simultaneous control of glucose and ammonium concentrations. Chem Technol Biotechnol, 41:197–206.
Sukalkar, S.R., Kadam, T.A. and Bhosale, H.J. (2017). Isolation of chitinase producing Streptomyces sp. M1 for recycling of fungal biomass. Int J Sci Res Sci Technol, (3)8:399–404.
Niyonzima, F.N. and More, S.S. (2013). Screening and identification of a novel alkaline lipase producing bacterium. Int J Pharma Bio Sci, 4(2):1037–1045.
Radhakrishnan, M., Gopikrishnan, V., Balaji, S., Balagurunathan, R. and Vanaja K. (2014). Bioprospecting of actinomycetes from certain less explored ecosystems active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other nonmycobacterial pathogens. Int Scholarly Res Notices, 2014:9.
Lee, S.K., Lee, D.R., Choi, B.K., Palaniyandi, S.A., Yang, S.H. and Suh, J.W. (2015). Glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-pi) inhibition and antiinflammation activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp. strain MJM 8637. Saudi J Biol Sci, 22 (6):744–751.
Banu, M.S., Begum, T.N., Fathima, T.S., Abdul, A.P., Ahamed, A., Arif, I.A., et al. (2025). Anti-bacterial and anti-dermatophytic activity of extracellular secondary metabolites of Streptomyces glaucescens NTSB-37 isolated from lichen Parmotrema perlatum Huds. M. Choisy in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Curr Microbiol, 82(1):54.
Kumar, R.R. and Jadeja, V.J. (2016). Isolation of actinomycetes: a complete approach. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci, 5(5):606–618.
Abd-Allah, N., Tolba, S. and Hatem, D. (2012). Selective isolation of rare actinomycetes from different types of Egyptian soil. Egypt J Exp Biol, 8(2):175–182.
Bull, A.T. and Asenjo, J.A. (2013). Microbiology of hyper-arid environments: recent insights from the Atacama desert, Chile. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 103:1173–1179.
Narasaiah, C., Leelavathi, V., Manne, A. K., Swapna, G., Paul, M. and Dasu., M. (2015). Screening of Streptomyces Albus CN-4 for enzyme production and optimization of L-Asparaginase. Int J Sci Res Publ, 5(3).
Schulz, D., Beese, P., Ohlendorf, B., Erhard, A., Zinecker, H., Dorador, C. and Imhoff, J.F. (2011). Abenquines A-D: aminoquinone derivatives produced by Streptomyces sp. strain DB634. Antibiot, 64:763–768.
Yekkour, A., Meklat, A., Bijani, C., Toumatia, O., et al. (2015). A novel hydroxamic acid-containing antibiotic produced by a Saharan soil-living Streptomyces strain. Lett Appl Microbiol, 60(6):589–596.
Busarakam, K., Bull, A.T., Girard, G., Labeda, D.P., Van Wezel, G.P. and Goodfellow, M. (2014). Streptomyces leeuwenhoekii sp. nov., the producer of chaxalactins and chaxamycins, forms a distinct branch in Streptomyces gene trees. Antonie Leeuwenhoek, 105:849–861.
Rateb, M.E., Houssen, W.E., Arnold, M., Abdelrahman, M.H., Deng, H., Harrison, W.T.A., et al. (2011). Chaxamycins A-D, bioactive ansamycins from a hyper-arid desert Streptomyces sp. Nat Prod, 74:1491–1499.
Basilio, A., Gonzalez, I., Vicente, M.F., Gorrochategui, J., Cabello, A., Gonzalez, A. and Genilloud, O. (2003). Patterns of antimicrobial activities from soil actinomycetes isolated under different condition of pH and salinity. Appl Microbiol, 95:814–823.
Dewedar, A., Mourad, F.E. and Sheha, H. (1979). Thermomonospora sp. T-SA-125 and its production of a growth promoting antibiotic. Folia Microbiol (Praha), 24(5):396–402.
Abdelkader, M.S.A., Philippon, T., Asenjo, J.A., Bull, A.T., Goodfellow, M., Ebel, R., Jaspars, M. and Rateb, M.E. (2018). Asenjonamides A-C, antibacterial metabolites isolated from Streptomyces asenjonii strain KNN 42.f from an extreme-hyper arid Atacama Desert soil. Antibiot, 71:425–431.
Nithya, K., Muthukumar, C., Biswas, B., Alharbi, N.S., Kadaikunnan, S., Khaled, J.M. and Dhanasekaran, D. (2018). Desert actinobacteria as a source of bioactive compounds production with a special emphasis on Pyridine-2, 5-diacetamide a new pyridine alkaloid produced by Streptomyces sp. DA3-7. Microbiol Res, 207:116–133.
Bindu, P.B. and Sulekha, R. (2020). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of bacterial endophytes isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. Res J Biotechnol, 15(4):9–18.
Sivalingam, P., Hong, K., Pote, J. and Prabakar, K. (2019). Extreme environment Streptomyces: potential sources for new antibacterial and anticancer drug leads?. Int Microbiol, 2019, Article ID 5283948.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
